A law issued on 5th May 1861 established Constitution Day (Festa dello Statuto e dell’Unita nazionale) as a mandatory holiday, set on the first Sunday in June. The main and opening event of the Festa was the military parade, aimed at exalting the contribution of the various branches of the armed forces to the national Risorgimento. The legislation also provided for the holding of school prize giving ceremonies on the same day. This was intended to draw attention to the role of schools, complementary to that of the army, in constructing national identity, and to promote the value of merit as opposed to a notion, typical of the past, of education as a privilege. To date few studies have set out to reconstruct the role of schools in the Constitution Day celebrations of individual municipalities. It is the aim of this paper to partly fill this gap, by investigating Milan City Council’s progressive involvement of the municipal schools in the Constitution Day celebrations from the early 1860s onwards. Specifically, from 1862, the Council established that on Constitution Day prizes should be given out to the pupils of the municipal night schools, both secondary and primary. The prize giving was later extended, although only for a few years, to the female students of the Sunday primary schools. From 1864, the boys’ primary schools were also involved in the celebrations by having the pupils give public gymnastics displays at the Arena. The current investigation does not stop at describing the Constitution Day initiatives that involved the Milanese municipal schools, but also explores underlying educational models promoting a sense of national belonging. Of particular significance, in this regard, are the speeches given by the municipal and school authorities to mark the prize-giving and gymnastics events. The research is based on print and archive documents from the period under study, such as records of City Council debates, prize giving booklets, and articles from a number of authoritative educational journals, such as «Patria e Famiglia» and «L’Educatore Italiano».

La legge del 5 maggio 1861 rendeva obbligatoria la celebrazione della Festa dello Statuto e dell’Unità nazionale, programmata la prima domenica di giugno. Evento centrale e di apertura della Festa era la parata militare, che doveva esaltare il contributo dato dai vari corpi dell’esercito al Risorgimento nazionale. La normativa prevedeva anche che in quella giornata si tenessero le premiazioni scolastiche. Si voleva in questo modo sottolineare la funzione della scuola, complementare a quella dell’esercito, nella costruzione dell’identità nazionale e marcare il valore del merito rispetto all’idea, tipica del passato, dell’istruzione come privilegio concesso. Poche sono le ricerche che hanno cercato di ricostruire il ruolo svolto dalla scuola nelle singole realtà municipali in occasione della Festa dello Statuto. Il contributo intende colmare in parte questa lacuna, facendo luce sul progressivo coinvolgimento degli istituti civici da parte del Comune di Milano nella celebrazione della festa nazionale a partire dai primi anni Sessanta. Dal 1862, esso, infatti, decise che in quel giorno fossero distribuiti i premi agli alunni delle Scuole serali superiori e elementari. La premiazione fu poi estesa, sia pure per pochissimi anni, anche alle alunne delle Scuole festive elementari. Dal 1864 fu previsto altresì che le Elementari maschili partecipassero alle celebrazioni esibendosi in pubblici saggi ginnici all’Arena. L’indagine condotta non si limita a illustrare le iniziative nelle quali erano coinvolte le scuole civiche milanesi il giorno della Festa dello Statuto, ma si preoccupa di fare luce sui modelli educativi proposti in ordine al senso di appartenenza alla nazione. Di particolare importanza appaiono, da questo punto di vista, i discorsi pronunciati dalle autorità municipali e scolastiche in occasione della distribuzione dei premi e la coreografia dei saggi di ginnastica. La ricerca si avvale di documentazione a stampa e archivistica coeva, quali le discussioni in Consiglio comunale, gli opuscoli relativi alle premiazioni, gli articoli di alcune autorevoli riviste educative, quali «Patria e Famiglia» e «L’Educatore Italiano».

Ghizzoni, C. F., Building the Nation. Schools and Constitution Day in Milan in the aftermath of Italian Unification, <<HISTORY OF EDUCATION & CHILDREN'S LITERATURE>>, 2015; X (2): 23-45 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/69630]

Building the Nation. Schools and Constitution Day in Milan in the aftermath of Italian Unification

Ghizzoni, Carla Francesca
2015

Abstract

A law issued on 5th May 1861 established Constitution Day (Festa dello Statuto e dell’Unita nazionale) as a mandatory holiday, set on the first Sunday in June. The main and opening event of the Festa was the military parade, aimed at exalting the contribution of the various branches of the armed forces to the national Risorgimento. The legislation also provided for the holding of school prize giving ceremonies on the same day. This was intended to draw attention to the role of schools, complementary to that of the army, in constructing national identity, and to promote the value of merit as opposed to a notion, typical of the past, of education as a privilege. To date few studies have set out to reconstruct the role of schools in the Constitution Day celebrations of individual municipalities. It is the aim of this paper to partly fill this gap, by investigating Milan City Council’s progressive involvement of the municipal schools in the Constitution Day celebrations from the early 1860s onwards. Specifically, from 1862, the Council established that on Constitution Day prizes should be given out to the pupils of the municipal night schools, both secondary and primary. The prize giving was later extended, although only for a few years, to the female students of the Sunday primary schools. From 1864, the boys’ primary schools were also involved in the celebrations by having the pupils give public gymnastics displays at the Arena. The current investigation does not stop at describing the Constitution Day initiatives that involved the Milanese municipal schools, but also explores underlying educational models promoting a sense of national belonging. Of particular significance, in this regard, are the speeches given by the municipal and school authorities to mark the prize-giving and gymnastics events. The research is based on print and archive documents from the period under study, such as records of City Council debates, prize giving booklets, and articles from a number of authoritative educational journals, such as «Patria e Famiglia» and «L’Educatore Italiano».
2015
Inglese
Ghizzoni, C. F., Building the Nation. Schools and Constitution Day in Milan in the aftermath of Italian Unification, <<HISTORY OF EDUCATION & CHILDREN'S LITERATURE>>, 2015; X (2): 23-45 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/69630]
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