Low Density Lipoprotein Misfolding and Amyloidogenesis

In early atherogenesis, subendothelial retention of lipidic droplets is associated with an inflammatory response-to-injury, culminating in the formation of foam cells and plaque. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is the main constituent of subendothelial lipidic droplets. The process is believed to occur following LDL modification. Searching for a modified LDL in plasma, electronegative LDL [LDL( )] was identified and found to be associated with major risk biomarkers. The apoprotein in LDL( ) is misfolded, and we show here that this modification primes the aggregation of native LDL, conforming to the typical pattern of protein amyloidogenesis. After a lag phase, whose length depends on LDL( ) concentration, light scattering and atomic force microscopy reveal early exponential growth of intermediate globules, which evolve into fibrils. These globules are remarkably similar to subendothelial droplets in atheromatous lesions and different from those produced by oxidation or biochemical manipulation. During aggregation, ellipticity and tryptophan fluorescence measurements reveal a domino-style spread of apoprotein misfolding from LDL( ) to all of the LDL. Computational analysis of the apoprotein primary sequence predicts an unstable, aggregation-prone domain in the regulatory 2 region. Apoprotein misfolding well represents an LDL modification able to transform this cholesterol carrier into a trigger for a response-to-injury in the artery wall.