In the last decade three different phenomena have merged: the widespread use of ICT devices to collect and potentially share personal and scientific data, and to build networked communities; biobanking for genomics, namely the organized storage of human biological samples and information; and the collaboration between scientists and citizens in creating knowledge, namely peer-production of knowledge, for shared social goals. These different forms of knowledge, technical tools, and skills have merged in communitybased scientific and social, as well as legal, initiatives, where scientists and citizens use genetic information and ICT as powerful ways to gain more control over their health and the environment. These activities can no longer be simply qualified as epidemiological research and surveillance. Instead, they can be framed as new forms of citizens’ participatory “veillance:” an attitude of cognitive proactive alertness towards the protection of common goods. This paper illustrates two Italian case-studies where citizens and scientists, by making use of both ICT and biobanking, have joined with the goal of protecting environmental health in highly polluted contexts. The statute of these initiatives still needs to be defined as to both the validity of the underlying citizen science and the lack of adequate legal tools for structuring them. However, as to their scientific quality and use of sophisticated technologies, these activities cannot be compared to previous experiences, such as those inspired by so-called popular epidemiology.Moreover, the deep awareness towards the data to be transparent, reliable, and accessible, as well as towards funding mechanisms to be crowdsourced, allows these experiences to go beyond the mere confrontation with institutional knowledge, and to represent a potential model for knowledge production for institutional implementation.
Nell’ultimo decennio tre diversi fenomeni si sono trovati a convergere: la diffusione di tecnologie digitali (ICT, Information and Communication Technologies) – dai sensori alle piattaforme virtuali – per la raccolta e potenziale condivisione di dati personali e scientifici tra individui e comunità; le biobanche di ricerca che custodiscono campioni biologici umani e relative informazioni; e la collaborazione fra scienziati e cittadini nella creazione di conoscenza per finalità di policy – ciò che viene oggi definita pari produzione di conoscenza (peer-production of knowledge). Nuove conoscenze e forme di conoscenza, tecnologie ed expertise si sono mescolate in iniziative che combinano scienza, diritto e impegno sociale; in esse, esperti e cittadini utilizzano genomica e ICT come potenti mezzi per acquisire un controllo crescente sulla propria salute e sull’ambiente. E’ ormai inadeguato definire tali attività semplicemente come ricerca e sorveglianza epidemiologiche. Infatti, si tratta piuttosto di nuove forme di “vigilanza” pensata , promossa ed eseguita congiuntamente da scienziati e cittadini nell’esercizio dei loro diritti di cittadinanza scientifica. Il termine vigilanza, o veillance, è utilizzato qui per indicare un atteggiamento di consapevolezza cognitiva rivolta proattivamente alla protezione di beni comuni. Questo articolo presenta due case-study italiani in cui cittadini e scienziati, avvalendosi di ICT e/o di una biobanca, si sono uniti per proteggere la salute ambientale in siti altamente inquinati. Lo statuto di queste iniziative resta ancora largamente da definire, sia per quanto riguarda lemodalità di produzione della citizen science a esse sottesa, sia in relazione alla scarsità di strumenti giuridici adeguati per strutturarle. Tali attività, per qualità scientifica e sofisticazione dei mezzi tecnologici, sono ben lontane da esperienze precedenti (per esempio, quelle di cosiddetta popular epidemiology). Per la consapevolezza critica rispetto alle esigenze di trasparenza, affidabilità e accessibilità dei dati, come pure alle modalità di finanziamento (spesso con meccanismi di crowdfunding), le esperienze di citizens’ veillance non si limitano a contestare il sapere di produzione istituzionale, ma si offrono, piuttosto, all’attenzione delle istituzioni come modello di produzione di conoscenza da adottare.
Tallacchini, M., Biggeri, A., LA VIGILANZA DEI CITTADINI SULLASALUTE AMBIENTALE TRATECNOLOGIE DIGITALI E GENOMICA, <<EPIDEMIOLOGIA E PREVENZIONE>>, 2014; 38 (5): 292-301 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/62144]
LA VIGILANZA DEI CITTADINI SULLA SALUTE AMBIENTALE TRA TECNOLOGIE DIGITALI E GENOMICA
Tallacchini, Mariachiara;
2014
Abstract
In the last decade three different phenomena have merged: the widespread use of ICT devices to collect and potentially share personal and scientific data, and to build networked communities; biobanking for genomics, namely the organized storage of human biological samples and information; and the collaboration between scientists and citizens in creating knowledge, namely peer-production of knowledge, for shared social goals. These different forms of knowledge, technical tools, and skills have merged in communitybased scientific and social, as well as legal, initiatives, where scientists and citizens use genetic information and ICT as powerful ways to gain more control over their health and the environment. These activities can no longer be simply qualified as epidemiological research and surveillance. Instead, they can be framed as new forms of citizens’ participatory “veillance:” an attitude of cognitive proactive alertness towards the protection of common goods. This paper illustrates two Italian case-studies where citizens and scientists, by making use of both ICT and biobanking, have joined with the goal of protecting environmental health in highly polluted contexts. The statute of these initiatives still needs to be defined as to both the validity of the underlying citizen science and the lack of adequate legal tools for structuring them. However, as to their scientific quality and use of sophisticated technologies, these activities cannot be compared to previous experiences, such as those inspired by so-called popular epidemiology.Moreover, the deep awareness towards the data to be transparent, reliable, and accessible, as well as towards funding mechanisms to be crowdsourced, allows these experiences to go beyond the mere confrontation with institutional knowledge, and to represent a potential model for knowledge production for institutional implementation.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.