In application of the Italian Law 30/2003 reforming the whole school system, parents can make the option to enroll their children to infant school and primary school’s first year according to more flexible age requirements than in the past: children can be three/six years old by April the 30th of the reference year (before was December, the 31th) and moreover in the infant school since 2006 have been instituted “advance” classes for 2 years old children (“spring classes”). All these innovations make increase heterogeneity within the learning group, along with the augmented freedom of parents’ choice. That is to say, the State has liberalized the times for acceding to children education and this important innovation will have impacts on school organization, pedagogy, psychology and social representation of the childhood; hence if the number of early pupils will increase, it will take place a new mode of interpretation of the link childhood-school-social times. With the intermediation of the parent’s choice, the traditional time-markers are losing their importance from now on, and the child development process will be less standardized than in the past. Through the lens of sociology of education and childhood my aim is to review the current landscape of “de-standardization” of schooling, by assuming that it is an ending result of a long-term change (from the centralistic to the autonomy vision), which has provoked a rupture in the uniformity principle applied to educational system, and it still push forward for a more personalized and privatized view of the infant education. After having traced a historical and social scenario (including fundamental values, mechanisms of functioning, and a focus on school times as forms of social control), I go through a review of the most recent school reforms waves towards “de-structuration”, especially under the pressures that family and local community have made over school units. Then I design the main impacts of the early school entrance right on the schools (in terms of rates of application at a regional level with Miur data), but also to understand how the different stakeholders are carrying out this reform: pros (parents and principals) and cons (teachers and childhood specialists) the early school entrance, with the help of qualitative data provided by Miur). Going beyond the opposition between contrasting social interests, it is worth questioning which sort of cultural change is likely to occur whether children can be recognized read to go to school independently from their age; and who has the task/right to decide when they are ready and to assess the consequences of an early school experience. Hence the essay aims to delineate a children’s point of view about the early school entrance and to question wheather – by this new attitude towards the school times – a new kind of children agency is rising up.

Con l’applicazione della Legge italiana di riforma della scuola dell’infanzia e del primo ciclo dell’istruzione n.30 del 2003 vi è la possibilità di iscrivere al primo anno della scuola dell’infanzia e al primo anno della scuola primaria i bambini e le bambine che compiono i tre/sei anni non più entro il 31/12 ma entro il 30 aprile dell’anno di riferimento. La stessa legge prevede inoltre che siano tenuti all’iscrizione alla primaria i bambini che abbiano compiuto i sei anni entro il 31 agosto, lasciando quindi ai genitori la decisione relativa a un eventuale posticipo o anticipo scolastico. Ciò comporta una maggiore eterogeneità di situazioni personali in classe, che viene ulteriormente accresciuta con la costituzione delle “sezioni primavera” (Legge 296/2006) nelle scuole dell’infanzia. In sostanza lo Stato ha liberalizzato i tempi di accesso alla formazione dei bambini, introducendo un’importante innovazione di sistema che ha risvolti organizzativi, pedagogici, psicologici ma anche, anzi soprattutto, sociologici: infatti con la crescita del numero di bambini anticipatari si fa avanti un nuovo modo di pensare al rapporto tra infanzia, scuola e tempi sociali. Con la mediazione del contesto famigliare, vengono meno da quei marcatori socio-temporali che in passato standardizzavano il processo di sviluppo e incanalavano le scelte degli adulti. Attraverso le chiavi interpretative della sociologia dell’educazione e dell’infanzia, in questo contributo mi propongo di descrivere lo scenario attuale di “de-standardizzazione” dell’esperienza scolastica, inteso come esito di un processo di rottura dell’uniformità educativa (dalla visione centralizzata all’autonomia scolastica) che ha radici lontane e che, nel corso degli ultimi anni, ha subito diverse spinte in avanti nella direzione di una sempre maggiore personalizzazione e privatizzazione. Dopo una panoramica storico-sociologica sulla visione uniformante del sistema dell’istruzione (di cui si chiariscono valori di fondo, meccanismi funzionali e si mette a fuoco l’importanza del “tempi di scuola” come forme di controllo sociale), e sulle spinte verso la destrutturazione (da parte delle famiglie, degli enti locali, dei “venti di riforma” istituzionale, ecc.) che hanno attraversato il sistema scolastico italiano, si passa a ricostruire l’impatto che la riforma sull’anticipo/posticipo ha avuto nelle scuole che l’hanno adottata. Si cercherà di inquadrare la consistenza attuale del fenomeno (dati Miur per regione) per capire come agiscono gli stakeholder in tale scenario, grazie a dati qualitativi forniti dallo stesso Miur. Ma oltre la contrapposizione tra i favorevoli (in genere i genitori e i dirigenti) e i contrari (gli insegnanti), c’è da chiedersi cosa comporti il fatto di riconoscere ai bambini, indipendentemente dall’età anagrafica, la maturità per affrontare il compito didattico,e soprattutto chi la può riconoscere, come si valutano le conseguenze di questa nuova esperienza. Quindi il saggio si propone di delineare un punto di vista del bambino sull’anticipare l’ingresso a scuola rispetto alla soglia stabilita come standard, e capire se l’anticipo scolastico può essere considerato come l’affermazione di un fatto originale, il farsi di una cultura dei bambini nell’accesso ai percorsi di sviluppo, in definitiva se prelude a una nuova forma di agency infantile.

Colombo, M., ALUNNI ANTICIPATARI E DE-STANDARDIZZAZIONE DEL CICLO SCOLASTICO: UNA NUOVA POLITICA PER L’INFANZIA?, <<STUDI DI SOCIOLOGIA>>, 2014; (1): 7-30 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/55200]

ALUNNI ANTICIPATARI E DE-STANDARDIZZAZIONE DEL CICLO SCOLASTICO: UNA NUOVA POLITICA PER L’INFANZIA?

Colombo, Maddalena
2014

Abstract

In application of the Italian Law 30/2003 reforming the whole school system, parents can make the option to enroll their children to infant school and primary school’s first year according to more flexible age requirements than in the past: children can be three/six years old by April the 30th of the reference year (before was December, the 31th) and moreover in the infant school since 2006 have been instituted “advance” classes for 2 years old children (“spring classes”). All these innovations make increase heterogeneity within the learning group, along with the augmented freedom of parents’ choice. That is to say, the State has liberalized the times for acceding to children education and this important innovation will have impacts on school organization, pedagogy, psychology and social representation of the childhood; hence if the number of early pupils will increase, it will take place a new mode of interpretation of the link childhood-school-social times. With the intermediation of the parent’s choice, the traditional time-markers are losing their importance from now on, and the child development process will be less standardized than in the past. Through the lens of sociology of education and childhood my aim is to review the current landscape of “de-standardization” of schooling, by assuming that it is an ending result of a long-term change (from the centralistic to the autonomy vision), which has provoked a rupture in the uniformity principle applied to educational system, and it still push forward for a more personalized and privatized view of the infant education. After having traced a historical and social scenario (including fundamental values, mechanisms of functioning, and a focus on school times as forms of social control), I go through a review of the most recent school reforms waves towards “de-structuration”, especially under the pressures that family and local community have made over school units. Then I design the main impacts of the early school entrance right on the schools (in terms of rates of application at a regional level with Miur data), but also to understand how the different stakeholders are carrying out this reform: pros (parents and principals) and cons (teachers and childhood specialists) the early school entrance, with the help of qualitative data provided by Miur). Going beyond the opposition between contrasting social interests, it is worth questioning which sort of cultural change is likely to occur whether children can be recognized read to go to school independently from their age; and who has the task/right to decide when they are ready and to assess the consequences of an early school experience. Hence the essay aims to delineate a children’s point of view about the early school entrance and to question wheather – by this new attitude towards the school times – a new kind of children agency is rising up.
2014
Italiano
Colombo, M., ALUNNI ANTICIPATARI E DE-STANDARDIZZAZIONE DEL CICLO SCOLASTICO: UNA NUOVA POLITICA PER L’INFANZIA?, <<STUDI DI SOCIOLOGIA>>, 2014; (1): 7-30 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/55200]
File in questo prodotto:
Non ci sono file associati a questo prodotto.

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10807/55200
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact