The Special Operations Executive (S.O.E.) was an agency created by the British during World War II after the French collapse and the Italian entry into the war. Established by Churchill in July 1940, its task was to direct the anti-Nazi and anti-Fascist re- sistance movement and the subversive operations in the part of Europe occupied by the Axis powers. It therefore carried out this task also in Italy, ope- rating at two distinct but interconnected levels: on the military field, by a network of agents capable of organizing subversion and sabotage, and on the political one, so as to hasten the fall of Fascism. The difficulties met by the British in penetrating and operating in Italy — together with their fiasco in the recruitment of agents amongst the P.O.W. and the Italian “enemy aliens” — explain the poor outcomes of the S.O.E. operative approach. Even poorer, however, proved to be result of their “poli- tical” effort. With the scope of favouring a soft exit of Italy from the war, the S.O.E. contacted such anti-Fascist exiles as Emilio Lussu and other members of the Partito d’Azione, exponents of the military opposition such as Badoglio, anti-Fascist industrialists such as Adriano Olivetti, but their relations with the opponents of the regime drew soon to a stalemate: at first owing to the absence of whate- ver political framing, then as a consequence of the “hard line” adopted by the War Cabinet, which implied the uttermost disregard of the more or less formal requests of negotiating peace coming from the Italian counterparts. What is more, the Foreign Office estimated too weak the Italian anti-Fascist alignment, unreliable the “institutional” opposi- tion to the regime and, finally, dangerous the pur- suit of initiatives that might arouse the least doubt over British loyalty toward the allies.
Lo Special Operations Executive fu un organismo creato dagli inglesi nella seconda guerra mondiale dopo la sconfitta della Francia e l’entrata in guerra dell’Italia (l’ autorizzazione alla venne data da Churchill nel luglio del 1940) per guidare il movimento di resistenza antinazista e antifascista e le operazioni sovversive nell’Europa occupata dalle potenze dell’Asse. Esso agì coerentemente con questo obiettivo anche rispetto all’Italia, muovendosi su due piani interconnessi: il primo, operativo, consistente nell’invio nella penisola di agenti capaci di promuovere azioni di sabotaggio o sovversive, il secondo, spiccatamente politi- co, volto ad accelerare il crollo del regime fascista. Le difficoltà della Gran Bretagna a penetrare e operare in Italia e il fallimento della politica di reclutamento di agenti tra i Pow e gli Enemy Aliens italiani spiegano i modesti esiti dell’approccio operativo del Soe. D’ altro canto, l’ approccio “politico” ebbe persino peggiori. Il Soe, mirando a favorire un’uscita soft dell’Italia dalla guerra, entrò in contatto con antifascisti in esilio come Emilio Lussu e con gli ambienti del Partito d’azione; con esponenti della “fronda” militare come Badoglio; con industriali antifascisti come Adriano Olivetti. In ogni caso, le sue relazioni con gli oppositori al regime vennero bloccate: prima da un vuoto di indicazioni politiche, poi dall’adozione da parte del War Cabinet della “linea dura” rispetto all’Italia, vale a dire di una chiusura totale a qualsiasi richiesta di patteggiamento per la pace, portata avanti più o meno esplicitamente dagli interlocutori italiani dell'SOE. A ciò si aggiunga che il Foreign Office riteneva troppo debole l’antifascismo politico italiano, poco credibile l’opposizione “istituzionale” al regime, e pericoloso rispetto agli alleati assumere nei loro confronti una condotta che potesse far sorgere anche il minimo dubbio sulla lealtà britannica.
Berrettini, M., Set Europe Ablaze! Lo Special Operations Executive e l'Italia 1940-1943, <<ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA>>, 2008; 252-253 (Gennaio): 409-434 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/4294]
Set Europe Ablaze! Lo Special Operations Executive e l'Italia 1940-1943
Berrettini, Mireno
2008
Abstract
The Special Operations Executive (S.O.E.) was an agency created by the British during World War II after the French collapse and the Italian entry into the war. Established by Churchill in July 1940, its task was to direct the anti-Nazi and anti-Fascist re- sistance movement and the subversive operations in the part of Europe occupied by the Axis powers. It therefore carried out this task also in Italy, ope- rating at two distinct but interconnected levels: on the military field, by a network of agents capable of organizing subversion and sabotage, and on the political one, so as to hasten the fall of Fascism. The difficulties met by the British in penetrating and operating in Italy — together with their fiasco in the recruitment of agents amongst the P.O.W. and the Italian “enemy aliens” — explain the poor outcomes of the S.O.E. operative approach. Even poorer, however, proved to be result of their “poli- tical” effort. With the scope of favouring a soft exit of Italy from the war, the S.O.E. contacted such anti-Fascist exiles as Emilio Lussu and other members of the Partito d’Azione, exponents of the military opposition such as Badoglio, anti-Fascist industrialists such as Adriano Olivetti, but their relations with the opponents of the regime drew soon to a stalemate: at first owing to the absence of whate- ver political framing, then as a consequence of the “hard line” adopted by the War Cabinet, which implied the uttermost disregard of the more or less formal requests of negotiating peace coming from the Italian counterparts. What is more, the Foreign Office estimated too weak the Italian anti-Fascist alignment, unreliable the “institutional” opposi- tion to the regime and, finally, dangerous the pur- suit of initiatives that might arouse the least doubt over British loyalty toward the allies.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.