In anti-colonial, as well as in anti-imperial, struggle, a very thin line often separates wider nationalist claims from more limited – even parochial – dimensions. Different factors operate at different levels providing support and legitimization to the resistance movement(s), although sometimes pursuing partially antithetic aims. At grassroots, local grievances can play a key role in fuelling insurgencies, especially along the fringes or at the intersections of the main imperial structures; at the same time, some basic identitarian elements (such as religion, family, and group affiliation) can act as (not unambiguous) proxies for other – maybe ‘higher’ – form of political consciousness. The uprisings dotting north-west India in late nineteenth/early twentieth century provide a striking example of this kind of intermingling. Originally seen as occasional, religious-driven outbursts of violence, product of the ‘fanaticism’ and the ‘inherent savagery’ of the local tribes, they increasingly emerged as a major threat to the imperial order. The 1897/’98 the frontier-wide ‘Great Pathan revolt’ forced British authorities to set up a large-scale pacification efforts involving more than 40,000 men and having wide-range political consequences, with the establishment, in 1901, of the tribal areas as an autonomous political entity, separated from the so-called ‘settled districts’, within the framework of the newly established North West Frontier Province. The persistence of instability – and its worsening especially in times of crisis – accounts for the structural character of these uprisings. At the same time, the external influences affecting them, account for their relevance in the international field. The efforts that the Axis powers (and of Italy among them) carried out during World War II to support and fuel the rebellion of the Faqir of Ipi, in Waziristan, and to steer his action in a direction better fitting their wartime interests are only one example of the relationship existing among local conflict, imperial stability and international balance. Moving from these premises, the paper aims at analyzing – with reference to the tribal areas of present-day Afghan-Pakistani border and to the period of the British domination – the role that proto-national disgregative dynamic played, and the implications that they had on regional stability, with a special focus on the political and military aspects. Its aim is to underline how, in this context, the ‘multiple identities’ of the subjects involved operated, and how they interacted in shaping the complex net of ideological, political and material interests that – after the crisis and the dissolution of the Raj – still support the non assimilation of the FATA within the Pakistani state system.

Nelle guerre di decolonizzazione, come in quelle contro le potenze imperiali, è spesso sottile la linea che separa le rivendicazioni nazionalistiche da quelle più limitate, a carattere locale e – talora – campanilistico. Fattori diversi agiscono a diversi livelli, fornendo sostegno e legittimazione ai movimenti di resistenza, seppur, spesso, perseguendo obiettivi in parte antitetici. Alla base, rivendicazioni di tipo localistico possono avere un ruolo importante nell’alimentare l’insurrezione, soprattutto ai margini o nelle aree d’intersezione dei grandi aggregati imperiali. Allo stesso tempo, tratti basilari d’identificazione identitaria (come religione, famiglia, appartenenza di gruppo, ecc.), possono agire (anche se non senza ambiguità) come proxy di altre – e più ‘alte’ – modalità di consapevolezza politica. Le frequenti sollevazioni che hanno punteggiato il nord ovest indiano fra la fine del XIX e gli inizi del XX secolo forniscono un chiaro esempio di questo genere d’interrelazioni. Percepite inizialmente come scoppi occasionali di violenza a base religiosa, prodotto del ‘fanatismo’ e della ‘barbarie’ delle tribù locali, esse si sono progressivamente imposte come una delle principali minacce all’ordine imperiale. Nel 1897/’98, la ‘Grande rivolta pathan’ costrinse le autorità britanniche ad allestire uno sforzo di pacificazione su larga scala, con il coinvolgimento di oltre 40,000 uomini e vaste implicazioni politiche, che avrebbero portato, nel 1901, alla costituzione delle aree tribali in struttura politica autonoma, separata dai c.d. ‘settled districts’, in seno della neo-costituita North West Frontier Province. Il permanere dell’instabilità – e il suo accentuarsi, soprattutto nei periodi di crisi – attestano il carattere strutturale di queste sollevazioni. Allo stesso tempo, le influenze esterne che in esse si esprimono, attestano la loro importanza sulla scena internazionale. Gli sforzi compiuti dalle potenze dell’Asse (non ultima l’Italia), nel corso del secondo conflitto mondiale, per sostenere e rinfocolare la sollevazione del Faqir di Ipi, in Waziristan, e per indirizzarla nel senso più favorevole ai loro interessi bellici rappresentano solo un esempio del rapporto esistente fra conflittualità locale, stabilità imperiale ed equilibri internazionali. Muovendo da queste premesse, il contributo proposto intende analizzare – proprio con riferimento alle aree tribali dell’attuale frontiera afgano-pakistana e al periodo della dominazione britannica – il ruolo svolto dalle dinamiche disgregative a carattere proto-nazionale, e le implicazioni che queste hanno avuto sulla loro stabilità, con particolare attenzione agli aspetti politici e militari. Obiettivo del lavoro è sottolineare come abbiano operato, in tale ambito, le ‘identità multiple’ dei soggetti coinvolti e come tali identità abbiano interagito nel definire il complesso reticolo politico, ideologico e di interessi materiali che – dopo la crisi e dissoluzione del Raj britannico – hanno continuato a sostenere la non assimilabilità delle FATA all’interno del sistema statuale pakistano.

Pastori, G., Local identities and imperial logic. The tribal areas in north-west India between political independentism and ethno-religious mobilization (1898-1947), in Acta of the XXXVII International Congress of Military History, "Decolonization. Colonial and Independence Wars from the 18th Century to the Present", (Rio De Janeiro, 28-August 02-September 2011), Brazilian Army Command and General Staff College, Rio De Janeiro 2012: 1-8 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/38751]

Local identities and imperial logic. The tribal areas in north-west India between political independentism and ethno-religious mobilization (1898-1947)

Pastori, Gianluca
2012

Abstract

In anti-colonial, as well as in anti-imperial, struggle, a very thin line often separates wider nationalist claims from more limited – even parochial – dimensions. Different factors operate at different levels providing support and legitimization to the resistance movement(s), although sometimes pursuing partially antithetic aims. At grassroots, local grievances can play a key role in fuelling insurgencies, especially along the fringes or at the intersections of the main imperial structures; at the same time, some basic identitarian elements (such as religion, family, and group affiliation) can act as (not unambiguous) proxies for other – maybe ‘higher’ – form of political consciousness. The uprisings dotting north-west India in late nineteenth/early twentieth century provide a striking example of this kind of intermingling. Originally seen as occasional, religious-driven outbursts of violence, product of the ‘fanaticism’ and the ‘inherent savagery’ of the local tribes, they increasingly emerged as a major threat to the imperial order. The 1897/’98 the frontier-wide ‘Great Pathan revolt’ forced British authorities to set up a large-scale pacification efforts involving more than 40,000 men and having wide-range political consequences, with the establishment, in 1901, of the tribal areas as an autonomous political entity, separated from the so-called ‘settled districts’, within the framework of the newly established North West Frontier Province. The persistence of instability – and its worsening especially in times of crisis – accounts for the structural character of these uprisings. At the same time, the external influences affecting them, account for their relevance in the international field. The efforts that the Axis powers (and of Italy among them) carried out during World War II to support and fuel the rebellion of the Faqir of Ipi, in Waziristan, and to steer his action in a direction better fitting their wartime interests are only one example of the relationship existing among local conflict, imperial stability and international balance. Moving from these premises, the paper aims at analyzing – with reference to the tribal areas of present-day Afghan-Pakistani border and to the period of the British domination – the role that proto-national disgregative dynamic played, and the implications that they had on regional stability, with a special focus on the political and military aspects. Its aim is to underline how, in this context, the ‘multiple identities’ of the subjects involved operated, and how they interacted in shaping the complex net of ideological, political and material interests that – after the crisis and the dissolution of the Raj – still support the non assimilation of the FATA within the Pakistani state system.
2012
Inglese
Acta of the XXXVII International Congress of Military History, "Decolonization. Colonial and Independence Wars from the 18th Century to the Present"
XXXVII International Congress of Military History, "Decolonization. Colonial and Independence Wars from the 18th Century to the Present"
Rio De Janeiro
28-ago-2011
2-set-2011
9788564844018
Il convegno annuale della Commissione Internazionale di Storia Militare (CIHM-ICMH) riunisce i relatori selezionati di volta in volta dalle Commissioni nazionali affiliate; la Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare (CISM) è un organismo dipendente del Ministero della Difesa/Stato Maggiore Difesa; dal 1972, la CIHM-ICMH (la cui attività è coordinata da un board internazionale di 18 membri) gode dello status di Affiliated International Organisation dell'International Committee of Historical Sciences (ICHS), parte dell'United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Il testo descritto è quello dell'intervento presentato, non rivisto dall'Autore e privo di un apparato scientifico completo / The CIHM-ICMH annual congress gather together the speakers selected every time by the affiliated national commissions; the Italian Commission of Military History (CISM) is an institution depending by the Ministry of Defence/Defence General Staff; since 1972, the CIHM (whose activity is coordinated by an international board of 18 members) enjoys the status of Affiliated International Organisation of the International Committee of Historical Sciences (ICHS), part of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); The text herewith descripted is the version presented to the Congress, not revised by the Author and lacking full scientific apparatus.
Pastori, G., Local identities and imperial logic. The tribal areas in north-west India between political independentism and ethno-religious mobilization (1898-1947), in Acta of the XXXVII International Congress of Military History, "Decolonization. Colonial and Independence Wars from the 18th Century to the Present", (Rio De Janeiro, 28-August 02-September 2011), Brazilian Army Command and General Staff College, Rio De Janeiro 2012: 1-8 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/38751]
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