The Impact of an Extra Chromosome on LanguaDevelopmental Language Disorder in Sex Chromosome Trisomies

Purpose: This study investigated the language and cognitive skills of prescchildren with sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs) with and without a diagnosis of developmental language disorder (DLD), considering possible ferences between SCT types (i.e., XXX, XXY, and XYY). Method: Fifty-five children with a prenatally diagnosed SCT (19 XXX, 25 and 11 XYY) aged 48–64 months were included in the study. The presence DLD diagnosis or other neurodevelopmental disorder was established by strtured interviews, while cognitive and language skills were assessed using a battery including the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of IntelligenThird Edition, Test for Reception of Grammar–Second Edition, and selecBatteria per la Valutazione del Linguaggio in Bambini dai 4 ai 12 anni (Bfor Language Assessment in Children Aged 4 to 12 Years) subtests. Results: Of the 55 children, 44 (76.4%) had a diagnosis of DLD at this Cognitive assessments showed no significant differences in Performance Verbal IQ, and Processing Speed Quotient in children with SCTs. However, dren with SCTs and co-occurring DLD scored lower than those without DLthe last two areas. Language assessment revealed notable impairments, parularly in speech sound accuracy and repetition tasks, with children with a occurrent diagnosis of SCT and DLD reporting greater impairments. No sigcant differences in the prevalence of DLD were observed between SCT typeConclusions: These findings highlight the importance of early identification intervention on co-occurrent neurodevelopmental disorders in the population children with SCTs. Further research should explore language and learning jectories in the population of children with DLD with and without a co-occugenetic diagnosis to better differentiate developmental characteristics and allfor effective tailored interventions.