Plant diseases represent one of the major challenges to global agriculture, causing substantial crop losses while increasing reliance on synthetic pesticides. Although microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) have emerged as promising alternatives for sustainable plant disease management, their broader application is still constrained by an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying their antagonistic activity and ecological behavior. This doctoral thesis aimed to investigate bacterial biocontrol through an integrated phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic, and ecological approach, with particular emphasis on Pseudomonas spp. as promising antagonists of fungal phytopathogens. The first part of the research evaluated the antifungal activity of several bacterial strains against important phytopathogenic fungi and compared the contribution of viable cells, heat-killed cells, and cell-free supernatants to disease suppression. These analyses identified Pseudomonas fluorescens PF05 as the most effective antagonist, highlighting the predominant role of viable bacterial cells in inhibiting fungal growth. Subsequently, comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonistic activity of PF05 against Fusarium oxysporum. The results revealed the coordinated activation of multiple biological pathways involved in antimicrobial activity, iron acquisition, environmental adaptation, and bacterial competitiveness, providing new insights into the complex molecular basis of microbial biocontrol. To assess the ecological implications of microbial biocontrol under field conditions, the effects of different downy mildew management strategies on disease incidence and severity, as well as on the grapevine phyllosphere bacterial microbiota, were investigated through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Although treatments differed in their effectiveness against the disease, only limited changes were observed in the overall structure and diversity of the bacterial communities, indicating a limited impact of the treatments on the grapevine-associated microbiota. Finally, the thesis broadened its ecological perspective by characterizing the gut microbiota of the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys using both culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches. The study identified a conserved core microbiota together with population-specific bacterial signatures, expanding current knowledge of insect-associated microbial communities and providing a basis for future microbiome-based pest management research. Overall, this thesis contributes to expanding current knowledge of microbial biocontrol by integrating phenotypic characterization, genomic and transcriptomic analyses with ecological investigations under both experimental and field conditions. The multidisciplinary approach adopted has provided deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying the antagonistic activity of bacterial biocontrol agents and has enabled the evaluation of their potential application within the framework of sustainable plant disease management.
Le malattie delle piante rappresentano una delle principali sfide per l'agricoltura moderna, causando ingenti perdite produttive e contribuendo ad aumentare la dipendenza dai pesticidi di sintesi. Sebbene gli agenti microbici di biocontrollo (Microbial Biological Control Agents, MBCAs) costituiscano una promettente alternativa per una gestione sostenibile delle fitopatie, la loro applicazione su larga scala è ancora limitata da una conoscenza incompleta dei meccanismi biologici alla base della loro attività antagonista e del loro comportamento ecologico. Questa tesi di dottorato ha avuto l'obiettivo di approfondire il biocontrollo batterico attraverso un approccio integrato che combina caratterizzazioni fenotipiche, analisi genomiche, trascrittomiche ed ecologiche, con particolare attenzione al potenziale di Pseudomonas spp. come antagonista di funghi fitopatogeni. Nella prima parte del lavoro è stata valutata l'attività antifungina di diversi ceppi batterici nei confronti di importanti funghi fitopatogeni, confrontando il contributo delle cellule vitali, delle cellule inattivate termicamente e dei surnatanti privi di cellule all'inibizione della crescita fungina. I risultati hanno identificato Pseudomonas fluorescens PF05 come il ceppo più efficace, evidenziando il ruolo predominante delle cellule batteriche vitali nell'attività di biocontrollo. Successivamente, analisi di genomica comparativa e trascrittomica sono state impiegate per chiarire i meccanismi molecolari responsabili dell'attività antagonista di PF05 nei confronti di Fusarium oxysporum. I risultati hanno evidenziato l'attivazione coordinata di numerosi pathway coinvolti nell'attività antimicrobica, nell'acquisizione del ferro, nell'adattamento all'ambiente e nella competitività batterica, fornendo nuove conoscenze sulle basi molecolari del biocontrollo microbico. Per valutare le implicazioni ecologiche del biocontrollo in condizioni di campo, sono stati inoltre analizzati gli effetti di differenti strategie di gestione della peronospora sull'incidenza e la severità della malattia, nonché sulla composizione del microbiota batterico della fillosfera della vite, mediante sequenziamento del gene 16S rRNA. Pur evidenziando differenze nell'efficacia dei trattamenti nei confronti della malattia, le analisi microbiologiche hanno mostrato modificazioni limitate nella struttura e nella diversità complessiva delle comunità batteriche della fillosfera, indicando un impatto contenuto dei trattamenti sulla comunità microbica associata alla vite. Infine, la tesi ha ampliato la propria prospettiva ecologica attraverso la caratterizzazione del microbiota intestinale dell'insetto invasivo Halyomorpha halys mediante approcci sia indipendenti dalla coltivazione sia colturali. Lo studio ha identificato un microbiota core conservato insieme a firme batteriche specifiche delle diverse popolazioni, ampliando le conoscenze sulle comunità microbiche associate agli insetti e fornendo una base per future ricerche sull'impiego del microbioma nella gestione sostenibile dei fitofagi. Nel complesso, questa tesi contribuisce ad ampliare le conoscenze sul biocontrollo microbico, integrando caratterizzazioni fenotipiche, analisi genomiche e trascrittomiche con valutazioni ecologiche in condizioni sperimentali e di campo. L'approccio multidisciplinare adottato ha permesso di approfondire i meccanismi alla base dell'attività antagonista dei batteri di biocontrollo e di valutarne il potenziale applicativo in una prospettiva di gestione sostenibile delle malattie delle piante.
Di Rico, Francesca, INVESTIGATING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MICROBIAL BIOCONTROL: FROM PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION TO GENOMIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS, Puglisi, Edoardo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore SEDE DI PIACENZA:Ciclo XXXVIII [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/342496]
INVESTIGATING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MICROBIAL BIOCONTROL: FROM PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION TO GENOMIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS
Di Rico, Francesca
2026
Abstract
Plant diseases represent one of the major challenges to global agriculture, causing substantial crop losses while increasing reliance on synthetic pesticides. Although microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) have emerged as promising alternatives for sustainable plant disease management, their broader application is still constrained by an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying their antagonistic activity and ecological behavior. This doctoral thesis aimed to investigate bacterial biocontrol through an integrated phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic, and ecological approach, with particular emphasis on Pseudomonas spp. as promising antagonists of fungal phytopathogens. The first part of the research evaluated the antifungal activity of several bacterial strains against important phytopathogenic fungi and compared the contribution of viable cells, heat-killed cells, and cell-free supernatants to disease suppression. These analyses identified Pseudomonas fluorescens PF05 as the most effective antagonist, highlighting the predominant role of viable bacterial cells in inhibiting fungal growth. Subsequently, comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonistic activity of PF05 against Fusarium oxysporum. The results revealed the coordinated activation of multiple biological pathways involved in antimicrobial activity, iron acquisition, environmental adaptation, and bacterial competitiveness, providing new insights into the complex molecular basis of microbial biocontrol. To assess the ecological implications of microbial biocontrol under field conditions, the effects of different downy mildew management strategies on disease incidence and severity, as well as on the grapevine phyllosphere bacterial microbiota, were investigated through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Although treatments differed in their effectiveness against the disease, only limited changes were observed in the overall structure and diversity of the bacterial communities, indicating a limited impact of the treatments on the grapevine-associated microbiota. Finally, the thesis broadened its ecological perspective by characterizing the gut microbiota of the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys using both culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches. The study identified a conserved core microbiota together with population-specific bacterial signatures, expanding current knowledge of insect-associated microbial communities and providing a basis for future microbiome-based pest management research. Overall, this thesis contributes to expanding current knowledge of microbial biocontrol by integrating phenotypic characterization, genomic and transcriptomic analyses with ecological investigations under both experimental and field conditions. The multidisciplinary approach adopted has provided deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying the antagonistic activity of bacterial biocontrol agents and has enabled the evaluation of their potential application within the framework of sustainable plant disease management.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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