The impact of intercultural differences and gender on respectful leadership and employee engagement

This study investigates how gender and intercultural differences influence respectful leadership and employee engagement across Italian and UK organisations. Three sets of hypotheses are tested: (i) respectful leadership exerts a positive effect on engagement; (ii) gender differences shape the adoption of respectful leadership and its effectiveness in fostering engagement; and (iii) intercultural variations – between Italy and the UK – moderate these effects. Data from 300 participants were analysed employing validated scales and testing the hypotheses using multiple linear regression and moderation models. Results confirm the positive impact of respectful leadership on engagement. Female leaders demonstrate higher engagement outcomes, despite not exhibiting more respectful behaviours than male leaders. Cultural context moderates these effects, with Italian organisations showing greater sensitivity to gender-based variations in engagement. The study underscores the value of respectful leadership in fostering inclusive practices and offers empirical evidence supporting equity and respect across cultures.