Brain and autonomic correlates of procrastination as “active” or “passive” strategy in decision-making

Procrastination, frequently perceived as a detrimental habit, can be classified into active (“actively to put off tasks”) and passive (“let things go”) forms, each with distinct cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics. However, little is known about whether these two forms rely on distinct cognitive, emotional, and physiological mechanisms. This study examined behavioral data, electrophysiological and autonomic measures as arousal indices (skin conductance level and response, heart rate and heart rate variability) in 33 adults during a decision-making scenario. Active and passive procrastination scores were calculated and scales measuring personality traits (Big Five Inventory), decision-making styles (General Decision Making Style), and maximization tendency (Maximization Scale) were collected. Results showed higher response times for active than passive procrastination and highlighted the importance of the alpha band in both forms, though with different functional meanings. Additionally, passive procrastination was linked to increased arousal, suggesting emotion- or avoidance-oriented strategies. Correlation analysis revealed distinct individual factors related to active and passive procrastination, providing deeper insight into the cognitive and physiological aspects of procrastination. In conclusion, these findings highlight procrastination as a heterogeneous phenomenon shaped by individual differences and specific cognitive and affective mechanisms.