Personalizing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: The Impact of BRCA Variants on Pathologic Complete Response in Luminal B Breast Cancer

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is effective in downstaging locally advanced breast cancer, improving surgical and oncological outcomes. However, luminal B breast cancer typically exhibits a poorer response to NACT, with only 10–15% of patients achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR). This study investigates whether BRCA pathogenic variants (BRCA PVs) influence pCR rates in luminal B breast cancer patients, aiming to identify potential predictors for personalized treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included luminal B breast cancer patients who underwent NACT at the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS between January 2014 and June 2023. Patients were stratified according to BRCA status: BRCA PVs and BRCA wild-type (WT). Primary endpoint was to evaluate pCR rates, while secondary endpoints included locoregional disease-free survival (LR-DFS), distant disease-free survival (DDFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: In total, 495 patients were enrolled, of whom 442 (89.3%) carried BRCA WT and 53 (10.7%) BRCA PVs. The pCR rate was significantly higher in the BRCA PVs group (20.8% PVs vs. 10.9% WT; p = 0.044). Specifically, the breast pCR rate was 28.3% in BRCA PVs versus 15.4% in BRCA WT (p = 0.030). BRCA WT patients had better 5-year LR-DFS (91.1% WT vs. 79.5% PVs; p = 0.003), while no significant differences were observed in 5-year DDFS or OS. Conclusions: BRCA PVs are associated with a higher pCR rate in luminal B breast cancer patients receiving NACT, suggesting a potential predictive role in tailoring treatment strategies.