Social sustainability, the unknown dimension. Addressing the Social Gap in Sustainability Analysis

Social sustainability remains the least developed pillar, lagging behind environmental and economic dimensions. Although ESG metrics and regulatory frameworks have advanced, the social dimension is conceptually fragmented and inconsistently measured. This study critically examines existing frameworks— including ESG ratings, regulatory standards, and just transition approaches—highlighting their limitations, particularly the marginalization of workers’ voices. By analyzing these gaps, the study advocates for labor-inclusive approaches that actively integrate workers and industrial relations actors into the design of sustainability metrics, emphasizing the need to strengthen the social pillar’s conceptual clarity and governance relevance.