The aim of this PhD project was to develop fermented dairy matrices produced by lactic acid bacteria endowed with antifungal activity, with a view to their potential application as biopreservation tools in the food sector. The research primarily focused on strains of Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Levilactobacillus brevis, with the objectives of optimizing fermentation conditions, identifying the main metabolites responsible for antifungal activity, and evaluating their efficacy under application-oriented conditions. During the first year, conducted at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Cremona campus), the most promising strains were selected and characterized, and the fermentation conditions best suited to support bacterial growth and the production of antimicrobial metabolites, particularly reuterin and organic acids, were established. Challenge tests demonstrated that fermented milk exerted clear inhibitory activity against several food-related spoilage molds, leading to the selection of an L. reuteri strain as the most promising candidate for subsequent investigations. The central phase of the project was carried out at Ferrero (Alba), where the study acquired a stronger applied and industrial orientation. In this phase, the bioreactor fermentation process, production time, and post-fermentation treatments were optimized, with specific attention to the comparison between freeze-drying and spray-drying. The results showed that L. reuteri-fermented milk retained marked antifungal activity, with freeze-dried samples consistently outperforming spray-dried ones, most likely due to the better preservation of bioactive metabolites. The most significant outcome emerged from application trials in milk cream, in which the addition of fermented milk markedly delayed or even prevented fungal growth compared with control samples. More specifically, standard formulations became contaminated considerably earlier, whereas samples containing fermented milk displayed substantially improved protection throughout refrigerated storage. These findings highlight the practical potential of the developed system as a biopreservation strategy for industrial food products, while also pointing to the need for further optimization of certain technological attributes, particularly color and texture. Chemical analyses further indicated that the antifungal effect could not be ascribed to a single molecule, but rather to the combined action of multiple metabolites, including reuterin, lactic acid, acetic acid, and other organic acids, whose concentrations varied depending on the processing conditions and post-treatment applied. In the final stage, carried out in Spain, the study was extended to mare’s milk fermented with L. reuteri. Although this matrix proved interesting from an experimental standpoint, it showed less pronounced antifungal effects than cow’s milk, thereby indicating the need for further investigation. Overall, the project demonstrated that L. reuteri-fermented milk represents a promising approach for the biological preservation of foods, and that the Ferrero phase provided the strongest evidence in terms of both industrial applicability and antifungal performance.
L’obiettivo del progetto di dottorato è stato sviluppare matrici lattiere fermentate da batteri lattici con attività antimicotica, da impiegare come possibile strategia di biopreservazione in ambito alimentare. Il lavoro si è concentrato soprattutto su ceppi di Limosilactobacillus reuteri e Levilactobacillus brevis, con lo scopo di ottimizzare le condizioni di fermentazione, identificare i principali composti responsabili dell’attività antifungina e valutarne l’efficacia in condizioni applicative. Nel primo anno, presso l’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (campus di Cremona), sono stati selezionati e caratterizzati i ceppi più promettenti e sono state definite le condizioni di fermentazione del latte più adatte a favorire crescita batterica e produzione di metaboliti antimicrobici, in particolare reuterina e acidi organici. I challenge test hanno mostrato che il latte fermentato possedeva una chiara attività inibitoria verso diverse muffe di interesse alimentare e hanno permesso di selezionare un ceppo di L. reuteri come candidato principale per gli studi successivi. La parte centrale del progetto si è svolta presso Ferrero (Alba), dove il lavoro ha assunto una forte impronta applicativa e industriale. In questa fase sono stati ottimizzati il processo di fermentazione in bioreattore, i tempi di produzione e i trattamenti post-fermentativi, confrontando in particolare liofilizzazione e sprayatura. I risultati hanno mostrato che il latte fermentato ottenuto con L. reuteri manteneva una significativa attività antimicotica, con prestazioni migliori nei campioni liofilizzati rispetto a quelli sprayati, probabilmente per una maggiore conservazione dei metaboliti bioattivi. Il risultato più rilevante è stato ottenuto nelle prove applicative su crema al latte, dove l’aggiunta di latte fermentato ha ritardato in modo marcato o impedito la crescita fungina rispetto ai controlli. In particolare, i campioni standard risultavano contaminati molto prima, mentre le formulazioni contenenti latte fermentato mostravano una protezione nettamente superiore durante la conservazione refrigerata. Questi dati hanno confermato il potenziale concreto del sistema studiato come strumento di bioprotezione in prodotti industriali, pur evidenziando la necessità di migliorare alcuni aspetti tecnologici, come colore e texture. Le analisi chimiche hanno inoltre indicato che l’effetto antimicotico non dipende da un solo composto, ma da una combinazione di metaboliti, tra cui reuterina, acido lattico, acido acetico e altri acidi organici, la cui concentrazione varia in funzione del processo e del trattamento applicato. Nell’ultima fase, svolta in Spagna, il lavoro è stato esteso al latte di cavalla fermentato con L. reuteri. Pur mostrando interesse dal punto di vista sperimentale, questa matrice ha fornito risultati antimicotici meno evidenti rispetto al latte vaccino, suggerendo la necessità di ulteriori approfondimenti. Nel complesso, il progetto ha dimostrato che il latte fermentato con L. reuteri rappresenta una soluzione promettente per la conservazione biologica degli alimenti, e che la fase svolta presso Ferrero ha fornito i risultati più solidi in termini di trasferibilità industriale ed efficacia antifungina.
Ponzio, Andrea, Innovative technologies for food processing. Use of fermentation as a tool to enhance sustainability of milk and flankers' ingredients, Morelli, Lorenzo, Rebecchi, Annalisa, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore SEDE DI PIACENZA:Ciclo XXXVIII [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/332698]
Innovative technologies for food processing. Use of fermentation as a tool to enhance sustainability of milk and flankers' ingredients
Ponzio, Andrea
2026
Abstract
The aim of this PhD project was to develop fermented dairy matrices produced by lactic acid bacteria endowed with antifungal activity, with a view to their potential application as biopreservation tools in the food sector. The research primarily focused on strains of Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Levilactobacillus brevis, with the objectives of optimizing fermentation conditions, identifying the main metabolites responsible for antifungal activity, and evaluating their efficacy under application-oriented conditions. During the first year, conducted at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Cremona campus), the most promising strains were selected and characterized, and the fermentation conditions best suited to support bacterial growth and the production of antimicrobial metabolites, particularly reuterin and organic acids, were established. Challenge tests demonstrated that fermented milk exerted clear inhibitory activity against several food-related spoilage molds, leading to the selection of an L. reuteri strain as the most promising candidate for subsequent investigations. The central phase of the project was carried out at Ferrero (Alba), where the study acquired a stronger applied and industrial orientation. In this phase, the bioreactor fermentation process, production time, and post-fermentation treatments were optimized, with specific attention to the comparison between freeze-drying and spray-drying. The results showed that L. reuteri-fermented milk retained marked antifungal activity, with freeze-dried samples consistently outperforming spray-dried ones, most likely due to the better preservation of bioactive metabolites. The most significant outcome emerged from application trials in milk cream, in which the addition of fermented milk markedly delayed or even prevented fungal growth compared with control samples. More specifically, standard formulations became contaminated considerably earlier, whereas samples containing fermented milk displayed substantially improved protection throughout refrigerated storage. These findings highlight the practical potential of the developed system as a biopreservation strategy for industrial food products, while also pointing to the need for further optimization of certain technological attributes, particularly color and texture. Chemical analyses further indicated that the antifungal effect could not be ascribed to a single molecule, but rather to the combined action of multiple metabolites, including reuterin, lactic acid, acetic acid, and other organic acids, whose concentrations varied depending on the processing conditions and post-treatment applied. In the final stage, carried out in Spain, the study was extended to mare’s milk fermented with L. reuteri. Although this matrix proved interesting from an experimental standpoint, it showed less pronounced antifungal effects than cow’s milk, thereby indicating the need for further investigation. Overall, the project demonstrated that L. reuteri-fermented milk represents a promising approach for the biological preservation of foods, and that the Ferrero phase provided the strongest evidence in terms of both industrial applicability and antifungal performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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