Aflatoxin contamination, mainly caused by Aspergillus flavus, represents a major threat to food safety and the commercial quality of hazelnuts, particularly in the Caucasus production areas. The overall aim of this work was to investigate the infection cycle of A. flavus on hazelnut, identify the crop growth stages most susceptible to fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination, and develop predictive and diagnostic tools to assess and mitigate the associated risks. The research was structured into five main components: (i) pre-harvest investigations to assess A. flavus occurrence across different growth stages and the possible onset of contamination already in the field; (ii) post-harvest investigations to evaluate fungal growth and aflatoxin accumulation under different drying, storage temperature, and conservation conditions; (iii) genetic characterization of the A. flavus population in Azerbaijan, to characterize its diversity and identify potential local strains for biocontrol strategies; (iv) development and validation of qPCR and ddPCR assays for the identification and quantification of toxigenic A. flavus in hazelnut matrices; (v) development and construction of a mechanistic model for A. flavus/hazelnut pathosystem, integrating climatic, phenological, and fungal parameters. Results showed that A. flavus was consistently detected at all growth stages, with higher incidence linked to specific regions and years, while poor post-harvest practices (especially long and inadequate drying) significantly increased infection risk. Genetic analysis of more than 800 isolates revealed high population diversity, including local genotypes potentially suitable for biocontrol. Molecular assays demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, enabling the detection of toxigenic strains even in low contaminated samples. Overall, this work provides novel insights into the infection cycle of A. flavus on hazelnut, delivers innovative diagnostic tools and a predictive model specifically developed to assess aflatoxin risk in hazelnut value chain. These outcomes contribute to the development of integrated risk management strategies for aflatoxins in the hazelnut supply chain.
La contaminazione da aflatossine, principalmente causata da Aspergillus flavus, rappresenta una minaccia rilevante per la sicurezza alimentare e la qualità commerciale delle nocciole, in particolare nelle aree di produzione del Caucaso. L’obiettivo generale di questo lavoro è stato indagare il ciclo d’infezione di A. flavus sulla nocciola, identificare le fasi fenologiche più suscettibili all’infezione fungina e alla contaminazione da aflatossine, e sviluppare strumenti predittivi e diagnostici per valutare e mitigare i rischi associati. La ricerca è stata articolata in cinque componenti principali: (i) indagini pre‑raccolta per valutare la presenza di A. flavus in diversi stadi di crescita del nocciolo e il possibile insorgere della contaminazione in campo; (ii) indagini post‑raccolta per valutare la crescita fungina e l’accumulo di aflatossine in diverse condizioni di essiccazione, temperatura di stoccaggio e conservazione; (iii) caratterizzazione genetica della popolazione di A. flavus in Azerbaijan, per caratterizzarne la diversità e identificare potenziali ceppi locali utili a strategie di biocontrollo; (iv) sviluppo e validazione di saggi qPCR e ddPCR per l’identificazione e la quantificazione di isolati di A. flavus tossigeni in matrici di nocciola; (v) sviluppo e costruzione di un modello meccanicistico del patosistema A. flavus/nocciolo, integrando parametri climatici, fenologici e fungini. I risultati hanno mostrato che A. flavus è stato rilevato in modo costante in tutti gli stadi di crescita analizzati, con incidenze più elevate associate a specifiche regioni e annate, mentre pratiche post‑raccolta inadeguate (in particolare un’essiccazione prolungata e inefficiente) hanno aumentato significativamente il rischio di infezione. L’analisi genetica di oltre 800 isolati ha rivelato un’elevata diversità della popolazione, includendo genotipi locali potenzialmente idonei al biocontrollo. I saggi molecolari hanno dimostrato elevata sensibilità e specificità, consentendo il rilevamento di ceppi tossigeni anche in campioni a bassa contaminazione. Nel complesso, questo lavoro fornisce nuove conoscenze sul ciclo infettivo di A. flavus su nocciola, mette a disposizione strumenti diagnostici innovativi e un modello predittivo sviluppato specificatamente per predire il rischio di aflatossine nella filiera della nocciola. Questi risultati contribuiscono allo sviluppo di strategie integrate di gestione del rischio da aflatossine lungo la filiera della nocciola.
Casu, Alessia, Dynamics of Aspergillus flavus in the Hazelnut Value Chain and Prediction of Aflatoxin Contamination Risk, Battilani, Paola, Camardo Leggieri, Marco, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore SEDE DI PIACENZA:Ciclo XXXVIII [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/332283]
Dynamics of Aspergillus flavus in the Hazelnut Value Chain and Prediction of Aflatoxin Contamination Risk
Casu, Alessia
2026
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination, mainly caused by Aspergillus flavus, represents a major threat to food safety and the commercial quality of hazelnuts, particularly in the Caucasus production areas. The overall aim of this work was to investigate the infection cycle of A. flavus on hazelnut, identify the crop growth stages most susceptible to fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination, and develop predictive and diagnostic tools to assess and mitigate the associated risks. The research was structured into five main components: (i) pre-harvest investigations to assess A. flavus occurrence across different growth stages and the possible onset of contamination already in the field; (ii) post-harvest investigations to evaluate fungal growth and aflatoxin accumulation under different drying, storage temperature, and conservation conditions; (iii) genetic characterization of the A. flavus population in Azerbaijan, to characterize its diversity and identify potential local strains for biocontrol strategies; (iv) development and validation of qPCR and ddPCR assays for the identification and quantification of toxigenic A. flavus in hazelnut matrices; (v) development and construction of a mechanistic model for A. flavus/hazelnut pathosystem, integrating climatic, phenological, and fungal parameters. Results showed that A. flavus was consistently detected at all growth stages, with higher incidence linked to specific regions and years, while poor post-harvest practices (especially long and inadequate drying) significantly increased infection risk. Genetic analysis of more than 800 isolates revealed high population diversity, including local genotypes potentially suitable for biocontrol. Molecular assays demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, enabling the detection of toxigenic strains even in low contaminated samples. Overall, this work provides novel insights into the infection cycle of A. flavus on hazelnut, delivers innovative diagnostic tools and a predictive model specifically developed to assess aflatoxin risk in hazelnut value chain. These outcomes contribute to the development of integrated risk management strategies for aflatoxins in the hazelnut supply chain.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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