Profiles of protection trajectories among children in residential care,

Introduction: Children entering the child welfare system frequently present histories of Adverse Childhood Ex periences (ACEs), which impact their well-being. Once in out-of-home care, factors such as placement length and stability are known to influence children’s developmental outcomes. Identifying the distinct protection trajectory profiles is necessary to inform policy and optimize the care provided. However, research examining these tra jectories specifically within residential care remains scarce. Objectives: This study addresses that gap with two aims: (1) to identify patterns in the protection trajectories of children in residential care in Spain, and (2) to explore the association of initial factors with the different trajectories. Method: The sample included 49 children who had been in residential care during childhood. Data was gathered from protection case-files and developmental and psychosocial adjustment assessments. A cluster analysis was conducted identifying three shared trajectory profiles. Results: Profile 1 (trajectories ending in family-based care) included children who entered care at a younger age, spent less time in residential care homes, and presented fewer developmental difficulties. Profile 2 (unstable protection trajectories) was composed of children who experienced multiple placement changes, later entry into the child welfare system, a greater number of ACEs, and higher emotional difficulties. Profile 3 (prolonged and stable residential care trajectories) consisted of children with long but stable placements, many having diagnosed illnesses or disabilities. Conclusions: These findings highlight the diversity of care experiences and offer insights for improving child protection practices and supporting decision-making within the child welfare system to promote stable and secure protection trajectories.