The article outlines the evolution of the main models of universities that preceded the notion of the “entrepreneurial university”. The institution shifted from being an elitist and autonomous entity to a system either integrating teaching and research in support of economic development or adopting a more liberal model centered on the moral and intellectual growth of the individual. After the mid-Twentieth century in the United States the “multiversity” emerged as a large-scale structure of mass education closely tied to national and economic interests—a model that was also criticized as a “knowledge factory.” In Italy the liberalization of admissions led to a dramatic increase in student enrollment. However, in the absence of structural reform, universities often became shelter for unemployed youth. From the 1970s onwards, particularly overseas, the growing commercialization of research pushed universities to exploit knowledge for economic purposes and to transform themselves into “entrepreneurial” institutions. Yet this transformation exacerbated disparities among universities and research areas, to the detriment of basic research and the humanities. Furthermore, this model has made today’s universities judged mainly by how well they provide the skills required by the labor market. The article is part of a special issue of the journal dedicated to "Neoliberal Managerialism and the University," edited by G. Conti, G. Michelagnoli, and L. Michelini.
L'articolo delinea l’evoluzione dei principali modelli di università che hanno preceduto il concetto di “università imprenditoriale”. Da un’istituzione elitaria e libera si è passati storicamente all'università che integra insegnamento e ricerca per lo sviluppo economico, oppure al modello più liberale che si focalizza sullo sviluppo morale e intellettuale della persona. Dopo la metà del Novecento negli Stati Uniti è emersa la “multiversità” come grande struttura di educazione di massa e collegato agli interessi economici e nazionali, modello peraltro criticato come “fabbrica della conoscenza”. Anche in Italia la liberalizzazione degli accessi portò a un’enorme crescita degli iscritti, ma senza una riforma strutturale l’università finì spesso per fungere da rifugio per giovani disoccupati. A partire dagli anni Settanta, specialmente oltreoceano, la tendenza a commercializzare la ricerca ha spinto le università a sfruttare economicamente le conoscenze e a trasformarsi in istituzioni “imprenditoriali”. Ciò ha portato a un aumento dei divari tra gli atenei e tra le aree di ricerca, a discapito della ricerca di base e delle scienze umanistiche, e ha fatto sì che l’università sia valutata essenzialmente secondo la sua capacità di soddisfare le esigenze di competenze umane espresse delle imprese. L'articolo è parte di un numero monografico della rivista dedicato a "Managerialismo neoliberale e università", a cura di G. Conti, G. Michelagnoli e L. Michelini.
Fumi, G., Prima dell’università imprenditoriale. Modelli e dibattiti sull’università nel secondo Novecento, <<IL PONTE>>, 2026; 82 (1): 90-100 [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/329959]
Prima dell’università imprenditoriale. Modelli e dibattiti sull’università nel secondo Novecento
Fumi, Gianpiero
2026
Abstract
The article outlines the evolution of the main models of universities that preceded the notion of the “entrepreneurial university”. The institution shifted from being an elitist and autonomous entity to a system either integrating teaching and research in support of economic development or adopting a more liberal model centered on the moral and intellectual growth of the individual. After the mid-Twentieth century in the United States the “multiversity” emerged as a large-scale structure of mass education closely tied to national and economic interests—a model that was also criticized as a “knowledge factory.” In Italy the liberalization of admissions led to a dramatic increase in student enrollment. However, in the absence of structural reform, universities often became shelter for unemployed youth. From the 1970s onwards, particularly overseas, the growing commercialization of research pushed universities to exploit knowledge for economic purposes and to transform themselves into “entrepreneurial” institutions. Yet this transformation exacerbated disparities among universities and research areas, to the detriment of basic research and the humanities. Furthermore, this model has made today’s universities judged mainly by how well they provide the skills required by the labor market. The article is part of a special issue of the journal dedicated to "Neoliberal Managerialism and the University," edited by G. Conti, G. Michelagnoli, and L. Michelini.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.



