Expression of hepatic genes involved in bile acid metabolism in dairy cows with fatty liver

Bile acids are cholesterol-derived molecules that are primarily produced in the liver. In nonruminants with fatty liver, overproduction of bile acids is associated with liver injury. During the transition period, fatty liver is a metabolic disorder that can affect up to 50% of high-producing dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of hepatic bile acid metabolism in dairy cows with fatty liver by assessing the expression changes of genes involved in bile acid synthesis, export, and uptake. The serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase and the concentration of total bile acids were all greater, whereas the serum concentration of total cholesterol was lower in cows with fatty liver than in healthy cows. The content of total bile acids was higher, but total cholesterol was slightly lower in liver tissues from fatty liver cows than from healthy cows. The hepatic mRNA abundance of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1); hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 β- and steroid delta-isomerase 7 (HSD3B7); and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1), enzymes involved in the classic pathway of bile acid synthesis, was higher in fatty liver cows than in healthy cows. Compared with healthy cows, the hepatic mRNA abundance of alternative bile acid synthesis pathway-related genes sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) and oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) did not differ in cows with fatty liver. The protein and mRNA abundances of bile acid transporter bile salt efflux pump (BSEP) were lower in the liver of dairy cow with fatty liver. Compared with healthy cows, the hepatic mRNA abundance of bile acid transporters solute carrier family 51 subunit α (SLC51A) and ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) and 3 (ABCC3) was greater in cows with fatty liver, whereas the solute carrier family 51 subunit β (SLC51B) did not differ. The expression of genes involved in bile acid uptake, including solute carrier family 10 member 1 (NTCP), solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 (SLCO1A2) and 2B1 (SLCO2B1) was upregulated in dairy cows with fatty liver. Furthermore, the hepatic protein and mRNA abundance of bile acid metabolism regulators farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) were lower in cows with fatty liver than in healthy cows. Overall, these data suggest that inhibition of the FXR signaling pathway may lead to increased bile acid synthesis and uptake and decreased secretion of bile acids from hepatocytes to the bile, which elevates hepatic bile acid content in dairy cows with fatty liver. Because the hepatotoxicity of bile acids has been demonstrated on nonruminant hepatocytes, it is likely that liver injury is induced by increased hepatic bile acid content in dairy cows with fatty liver.