The first part of the paper offers a criminological overview of the complex phenomenon of cultural property trafficking, followed by a brief discussion of the main international and EU legislation addressing the issue, as well as of its direct influence over the development of Italian cultural heritage criminal law. The analysis then focuses on two key moments in the transnational circulation, i.e. export and import of cultural goods. The current shape of the criminal offences of, respectively, unlawful export and unlawful import of cultural property is analyzed, as resulting from the reform enacted with Law 9 March 2022, n. 22 and the need to comply with the obligations Italy was subject to following the adoption of Regulation EU 2019/880 and the ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Offences relating to Cultural Property. Finally, the main strengths and weaknesses of the present criminal law framework are discussed, together with the oncoming further additions to the system of penal controls over the international circulation of cultural property.
Il saggio si propone di introdurre il lettore al complesso fenomeno del traffico dei beni culturali e alle specificità della sua repressione penale, attraverso una panoramica preliminare delle conoscenze empirico-criminologiche disponibili e del quadro normativo internazionale ed europeo di riferimento, con le sue ricadute dirette sull’ordinamento italiano. Segue un’analisi dettagliata della disciplina penale di due momenti chiave nella circolazione illecita internazionale delle opere d’arte e delle antichità, ovvero esportazione e importazione. L’attuale assetto della repressione penale delle violazioni in materia è analizzato alla luce degli obblighi internazionale assunti dall’Italia con l’adozione del Regolamento UE 2019/880 e con la ratifica della Convenzione del Consiglio d’Europa sulle infrazioni relative ai beni culturali e della loro influenza sulla riforma complessiva dei delitti contro il patrimonio culturale attuata con la l. 9 marzo 2022, n. 22. Il saggio si sofferma conclusivamente su punti di forza e criticità del nuovo assetto normativo e sugli imminenti ulteriori sviluppi di questo.
Visconti, A., Esportazione e importazione illecite di beni culturali dopo la riforma del 2022, tra luci e ombre, <<STUDI SENESI>>, 2022; 2022 (1): 155-236 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/218026]
Esportazione e importazione illecite di beni culturali dopo la riforma del 2022, tra luci e ombre
Visconti, Arianna
2022
Abstract
The first part of the paper offers a criminological overview of the complex phenomenon of cultural property trafficking, followed by a brief discussion of the main international and EU legislation addressing the issue, as well as of its direct influence over the development of Italian cultural heritage criminal law. The analysis then focuses on two key moments in the transnational circulation, i.e. export and import of cultural goods. The current shape of the criminal offences of, respectively, unlawful export and unlawful import of cultural property is analyzed, as resulting from the reform enacted with Law 9 March 2022, n. 22 and the need to comply with the obligations Italy was subject to following the adoption of Regulation EU 2019/880 and the ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Offences relating to Cultural Property. Finally, the main strengths and weaknesses of the present criminal law framework are discussed, together with the oncoming further additions to the system of penal controls over the international circulation of cultural property.
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