Background Hospitals have undergone important that changes that have led, in recent decades at the international level, to the need for greater integration between hospitals and local healthcare services. The main institutional networks that have been developed in Italy are, as commended by the institutional levels, of 4 main types: the Emergency-Urgency Network, the Time-Dependent Networks, the Oncological Networks, and the Networks with primary care settings. It was important to assess the state of the art and analyze it in relation to possible future developments. Objective The aim of the study was to collect insights from both evidence-based knowledge and personal experience gained by experts in the field regarding the current condition and possible future developments of hospital networks. Material and methods A qualitative research methodology was chosen. Four mini-focus group meetings were organized among participants with proven expertise on the subject. Discussions were guided by four open-ended questions corresponding to the four areas of interest. Directed content analysis was chosen as the methodology for data analysis and final reporting of results. Results Four main categories were explored: “hospital networks and complexity”, “hospital networks complexity and the need for integration”, “levers for hospital networks governance” and “the COVID-19 challenge and future developments for hospital networks”. In particular, the participants found that it is important to understand healthcare systems as complex systems and, therefore, to study the properties of complex systems. In this way it is possible to achieve value-based healthcare in complex contexts. It is also necessary to keep in mind that complexity represents a challenge for coordination/ integration in hospital networks. Mintzberg identified specific mechanisms to achieve it. Of them, mutual adaptation is the key to self-organization. Valentijn showed the organizational levels on which coordination/integration has to be obtained. Hospital network governance should include both hierarchy and self-determination logic to achieve integration in each of the four levels. The participants identified three key levers for governing complex organizations: “education”, which consists of multi-professional and multi-level training in governance in complex systems; “information” consisting in considering the data registering as an integral part of the clinical care process to informative value; “leadership”, which consists in convincing actors, directed towards personal gains, to achieve valuable goals. Finally, the challenge that COVID-19 served as an incentive for future developments of hospital networks. Discussion Various common points between the definitions of network and complex systems can be found. It is important to study the properties of complex systems in order to achieve value-based healthcare in the hospital networks context. The insights gained should be useful for all professionals from and across all levels of healthcare organizational responsibility, being able to orient roles and actions to achieve coordination/integration inside hospital networks. Conclusions Complexity literature can help understand how to achieve coordination/integration in healthcare settings and find levers for effective governance. It is important to study the current situation to anticipate and, possibly govern, future developments. In conclusion, governance of hospital networks should be interpreted as coordination/integration inside and across multiple organizational levels of co-responsibility.

Background Gli ospedali, negli ultimi decenni a livello internazionale, hanno subito importanti cambiamenti, con pertanto la necessità di una maggiore integrazione tra ospedali e servizi territoriali. Le principali reti istituzionali sviluppate in Italia sono, come definito a livello istituzionale, 4 principali tipologie: la Rete emergenza-urgenza, le Reti tempo-dipendenti, le Reti oncologiche e le Reti con strutture territoriali. Vi è la necessità di valutare la condizione attuale e analizzarla in relazione a possibili sviluppi futuri. Lo scopo dello studio era raccogliere spunti sia dalla conoscenza basata sull'evidenza scientifica che sull'esperienza personale acquisita da esperti del settore in merito allo stato dell’arte e ai possibili sviluppi futuri delle reti ospedaliere. Materiale e metodi È stata scelta una metodologia di ricerca qualitativa. Sono stati organizzati quattro minifocus group tra partecipanti di comprovata esperienza in materia. Le discussioni sono state guidate mediante quattro domande a risposta aperta corrispondenti alle quattro aree di interesse. La directed content analysis è stata scelta come metodologia per l'analisi dei dati e la rendicontazione finale dei risultati. Risultati Sono state esplorate quattro categorie principali: “reti ospedaliere e complessità”, “complessità delle reti ospedaliere e necessità di integrazione”, “leve per la governance delle reti ospedaliere” e “la sfida COVID-19 e gli sviluppi futuri delle reti ospedaliere”. In particolare, i partecipanti hanno riscontrato come è importante comprendere i sistemi sanitari quali sistemi complessi e, quindi, studiare le proprietà di tali sistemi. In questo modo è possibile ottenere un'assistenza sanitaria basata sul valore in contesti complessi. È inoltre necessario tenere presente che la complessità rappresenta una sfida per il coordinamento/integrazione nelle reti ospedaliere. Mintzberg ha identificato meccanismi specifici per raggiungerlo. Tra questi, l'adattamento reciproco è la chiave dell'autoorganizzazione. Valentijn ha mostrato i livelli organizzativi su cui deve essere ottenuta tale coordinamento/integrazione. La governance della rete ospedaliera dovrebbe includere sia la gerarchia che la logica di autodeterminazione per ottenere l'integrazione in ciascuno dei quattro livelli. I partecipanti hanno individuato tre leve chiave per governare le organizzazioni complesse: “formazione”, che consiste in una formazione multiprofessionale e multilivello sulla governance nei sistemi complessi; “informazione” consistente nel considerare la registrazione dei dati come parte integrante del processo clinico assistenziale con potenziale di valore informativo; “leadership”, che consiste nel convincere gli attori organizzativi, orientati a scopi personali, a raggiungere obiettivi di valore. Infine, i partecipanti hanno evidenziato come la sfida che il COVID-19 è servita da incentivo per gli sviluppi futuri delle reti ospedaliere. Le conoscenze acquisite dovrebbero dunque rivelarsi utili per tutti i professionisti a tutti i livelli di responsabilità delle organizzazioni sanitarie, in grado di orientare ruoli e azioni per raggiungere il coordinamento/integrazione all'interno delle reti ospedaliere. Conclusioni La letteratura sulla complessità può aiutare a capire come raggiungere il coordinamento/ integrazione nelle strutture sanitarie e trovare leve per una governance efficace. È importante studiare la situazione attuale per anticipare ed eventualmente governare gli sviluppi futuri. In conclusione, la governance delle reti ospedaliere va interpretata come coordinamento/integrazione all'interno e attraverso più livelli organizzativi di corresponsabilità.

Damiani, G., Di Pumpo, M., Giubbini, G., Lombi, L., Specchia, M. L., Sommella, L., Hospital networks in Italy: state of the art and future pespectives. Insights from a qualitative research study, <<IGIENE E SANITÀ PUBBLICA>>, 2022; (79(2)): 70-91 [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/212044]

Hospital networks in Italy: state of the art and future pespectives. Insights from a qualitative research study

Damiani, Gianfranco;Di Pumpo, Marcello;Giubbini, Gabriele;Lombi, Linda;Specchia, Maria Lucia;Sommella, Lorenzo
2022

Abstract

Background Hospitals have undergone important that changes that have led, in recent decades at the international level, to the need for greater integration between hospitals and local healthcare services. The main institutional networks that have been developed in Italy are, as commended by the institutional levels, of 4 main types: the Emergency-Urgency Network, the Time-Dependent Networks, the Oncological Networks, and the Networks with primary care settings. It was important to assess the state of the art and analyze it in relation to possible future developments. Objective The aim of the study was to collect insights from both evidence-based knowledge and personal experience gained by experts in the field regarding the current condition and possible future developments of hospital networks. Material and methods A qualitative research methodology was chosen. Four mini-focus group meetings were organized among participants with proven expertise on the subject. Discussions were guided by four open-ended questions corresponding to the four areas of interest. Directed content analysis was chosen as the methodology for data analysis and final reporting of results. Results Four main categories were explored: “hospital networks and complexity”, “hospital networks complexity and the need for integration”, “levers for hospital networks governance” and “the COVID-19 challenge and future developments for hospital networks”. In particular, the participants found that it is important to understand healthcare systems as complex systems and, therefore, to study the properties of complex systems. In this way it is possible to achieve value-based healthcare in complex contexts. It is also necessary to keep in mind that complexity represents a challenge for coordination/ integration in hospital networks. Mintzberg identified specific mechanisms to achieve it. Of them, mutual adaptation is the key to self-organization. Valentijn showed the organizational levels on which coordination/integration has to be obtained. Hospital network governance should include both hierarchy and self-determination logic to achieve integration in each of the four levels. The participants identified three key levers for governing complex organizations: “education”, which consists of multi-professional and multi-level training in governance in complex systems; “information” consisting in considering the data registering as an integral part of the clinical care process to informative value; “leadership”, which consists in convincing actors, directed towards personal gains, to achieve valuable goals. Finally, the challenge that COVID-19 served as an incentive for future developments of hospital networks. Discussion Various common points between the definitions of network and complex systems can be found. It is important to study the properties of complex systems in order to achieve value-based healthcare in the hospital networks context. The insights gained should be useful for all professionals from and across all levels of healthcare organizational responsibility, being able to orient roles and actions to achieve coordination/integration inside hospital networks. Conclusions Complexity literature can help understand how to achieve coordination/integration in healthcare settings and find levers for effective governance. It is important to study the current situation to anticipate and, possibly govern, future developments. In conclusion, governance of hospital networks should be interpreted as coordination/integration inside and across multiple organizational levels of co-responsibility.
2022
Inglese
Damiani, G., Di Pumpo, M., Giubbini, G., Lombi, L., Specchia, M. L., Sommella, L., Hospital networks in Italy: state of the art and future pespectives. Insights from a qualitative research study, <<IGIENE E SANITÀ PUBBLICA>>, 2022; (79(2)): 70-91 [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/212044]
File in questo prodotto:
Non ci sono file associati a questo prodotto.

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10807/212044
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? 0
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact