This contribution focuses on two health policy tools in use in past centuries,such as quarantines and sanitary cordons, which the current coronavirus pandemic has, at least in part, brought back to life (albeit with different names). The historical origins of these two institutes, their characteristics and the most usual methods of application are highlighted here, through the examination of some cases relating to a time span between the end of the XIVth century and the early XIXth century. In an era in which the etiopathogenesis of the most widespread epidemic diseases (bubonic plague, typhus, yellow fever, cholera) was still completely unknown, and in which, consequently, medicaments or other treatments with even minimal therapeutic efficacy were lacking, quarantines and cordons represented the only form of defense against disease. With all their limitations, deriving from high costs and organizational flaws that often undermined their effectiveness, they have at least made it possible to reduce contacts between sick people and people susceptible to becoming infected, blocking (or limiting) the possibility of interhuman contagion, which in all epidemic diseases, including the plague,have always represented one of the main means by which the contagion is spread. The analysis shows that in the fight against diseases, public health regulatory interventions have made up for strictly medical instruments, which, by obeying ancient but unfounded theoretical parameters, produced effects overall detrimental on the mortality and lethality rates.

Il contributo si concentra sull’analisi di due strumenti di politica sanitaria in uso nei secoli passati, quali le quarantene e i cordoni sanitari, che la pandemia in corso ha riportato drammaticamente in auge. Vengono poste in luce le origini storiche dei due istituti, le loro caratteristiche e le più usuali modalità di applicazione, attraverso l’esame di alcuni casi concreti relativi ad un arco temporale compreso fra la fine del secolo XIV e i primi del XIX. In un’epoca nella quale l’eziopatogenesi dei più diffusi morbi epidemici (peste bubbonica, tifo, febbre gialla, colera) era ancora del tutto ignota, e in cui per conseguenza mancavano presidi farmacologici o altri trattamenti dotati della benché minima efficacia terapeutica, le quarantene e i cordoni costituirono l’unica forma di difesa contro le malattie. Con tutti i loro limiti, derivanti dagli alti costi e da falle organizzative che sovente ne compromettevano l’efficacia, essi hanno consentito quantomeno di ridurre i contatti tra le persone ammalate e le persone suscettibili di infettarsi, bloccando (o limitando) le possibilità di contagio interumano che in tutte le malattie epidemiche, inclusa la peste, hanno sempre rappresentato una delle principali modalità di diffusione. L’analisi dimostra che nella lotta contro le malattie, gli interventi normativi di sanità pubblica hanno supplito, talora in maniera abbastanza efficace, agli strumenti di carattere strettamente medico (chirurgici, chemioterapici), che, obbedendo a parametri teorici antichi quanto infondati, producevano effetti nel complesso peggiorativi sull’andamento dei tassi di morbilità e mortalità.

Tanturri, A., Dal viaggio alla segregazione forzata: quarantene e cordoni come strumenti di politica sanitaria in età moderna, in Barzanò, A., Bearzot, C. (ed.), Il viaggio: scoprire ed essere scoperti, EDUCatt, Milano 2021: 209- 227 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/183593]

Dal viaggio alla segregazione forzata: quarantene e cordoni come strumenti di politica sanitaria in età moderna

Tanturri, Alberto
2021

Abstract

This contribution focuses on two health policy tools in use in past centuries,such as quarantines and sanitary cordons, which the current coronavirus pandemic has, at least in part, brought back to life (albeit with different names). The historical origins of these two institutes, their characteristics and the most usual methods of application are highlighted here, through the examination of some cases relating to a time span between the end of the XIVth century and the early XIXth century. In an era in which the etiopathogenesis of the most widespread epidemic diseases (bubonic plague, typhus, yellow fever, cholera) was still completely unknown, and in which, consequently, medicaments or other treatments with even minimal therapeutic efficacy were lacking, quarantines and cordons represented the only form of defense against disease. With all their limitations, deriving from high costs and organizational flaws that often undermined their effectiveness, they have at least made it possible to reduce contacts between sick people and people susceptible to becoming infected, blocking (or limiting) the possibility of interhuman contagion, which in all epidemic diseases, including the plague,have always represented one of the main means by which the contagion is spread. The analysis shows that in the fight against diseases, public health regulatory interventions have made up for strictly medical instruments, which, by obeying ancient but unfounded theoretical parameters, produced effects overall detrimental on the mortality and lethality rates.
2021
Italiano
Il viaggio: scoprire ed essere scoperti
978-88-9335-840-8
EDUCatt
Tanturri, A., Dal viaggio alla segregazione forzata: quarantene e cordoni come strumenti di politica sanitaria in età moderna, in Barzanò, A., Bearzot, C. (ed.), Il viaggio: scoprire ed essere scoperti, EDUCatt, Milano 2021: 209- 227 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/183593]
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10807/183593
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