Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography and Color Doppler: Guided Intraoperative Embolization of Intracranial Highly Vascularized Tumors

Background: Preoperative embolization is often considered mandatory in highly vascularized brain tumors to contain blood loss. However, not all lesions are amenable to endovascular preoperative embolization. In the literature, cases of preoperative and intraoperative embolization are described only by arterial catheterization, whereas experiences of tumor embolization through direct puncture of the lesion are anecdotal; furthermore these cases lack an intraoperative control method to assess the effects of the embolizing procedure itself. Methods: We describe the association of contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) to perform intraoperative embolization in an illustrative case of a posterior cranial fossa hemangioblastoma not amenable to a preoperative endovascular procedure. The combination of CEUS and CDUS was tested as an option for the intraoperative devascularization of tumors in which preoperative embolization is considered risky or not possible. Results: The association of CEUS and CDUS provided real-time intraoperative data that directly guided the intraoperative embolization and provided reliable data about the hemodynamic effects produced after the direct injection of an embolizing agent. The technique offered a true real-time definition of the anatomic characteristics of the lesion and its relationships with the adjacent structures while distinguishing feeding from draining vessels. Conclusions: This technique has been proved to be a valuable tool in the surgical resection of highly vascularized tumors and in the treatment of intracranial and spinal vascular lesions and can be considered an option in those cases in which preoperative embolization is not possible. It is a feasible, modern, and cost-effective intraoperative imaging technique that allows identification of unexposed anatomic structures, hence minimizing surgical exposition and surgical manipulation.