Armed Conflicts in Outer Space: The Interplay Between Special Regimes

The increasing militarization of outer space and the development of dual-use technologies raise complex legal questions concerning the regulation of armed conflict beyond Earth. This article examines the interplay between international space law, general international law, and other special regimes applicable to space activities, with particular attention to the use of force, self-defence, countermeasures, and the protection of space assets. It highlights the challenges created by fragmented legal frameworks, attribution difficulties, proportionality assessments, and the risk of long-term orbital debris. The analysis underscores the need for greater coherence, transparency, and international cooperation to preserve the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space.