The ageing population and the increasing incidence of cognitive decline, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), have created a need for non-pharmacological interventions aimed at supporting the cognitive and socio-cognitive abilities of older people. This thesis aims to develop, analyse and evaluate structured cognitive and socio-cognitive training protocols mediated by Social Assistive Robotics (SARs), with the objectives of supporting Theory of Mind (ToM) and cognitive functions, thereby contributing both to the preservation of residual abilities and to the promotion of healthy ageing. The work presented in this thesis includes three complementary studies relating to the main theme. The first study is a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, which analysed 19 studies focusing on the use of Social Assistive Robotics (SARs) in people diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment. The analysis highlighted a high level of acceptance of both humanoid and zoomorphic robots, as well as potential positive effects on memory, executive functions, emotional well-being and social participation. However, significant limitations were identified, including heterogeneity of the samples, non-standardised protocols, the lack of control groups and the absence of consistent neuropsychological assessments. In the second study, a preliminary qualitative study assessed the acceptability of the Pepper robot and the feasibility of a structured training programme offered to a sample of nine older adults with mild to moderate dementia. Analysis of interviews and video recordings revealed emotional engagement, increased attention, greater independence during the exercises, and an effective triadic relationship between the robot, the researcher and the participant. The training also encouraged reminiscence, motivation and active participation among those involved. In the third study, a controlled experimental trial, a structured 12-week programme was tested on 11 people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 9 healthy older adults. Socio-cognitive assessments carried out before and after the intervention revealed high adherence (90%) and significant improvements in global cognitive function, executive function, verbal memory and Theory of Mind (ToM). No differences in the rate of improvement emerged between the PD group and the control group, indicating that cognitive and socio-cognitive plasticity is preserved even in the early stages of PD. Overall, the three studies agree in showing that SARs are promising, scalable and well-accepted tools capable of supporting cognitive and socio-cognitive abilities in both healthy ageing and pathological conditions. However, the thesis highlights the necessity of more standardised protocols, larger sample sizes, integrated assessments and greater robotic autonomy to optimise the effectiveness of interventions.
L'invecchiamento della popolazione e la crescente incidenza dei disturbi cognitivi, quali il deterioramento cognitivo lieve (MCI) e il morbo di Parkinson (PD), hanno reso necessari interventi non farmacologici volti a sostenere le capacità cognitive e socio-cognitive degli anziani. La presente tesi mira a sviluppare, analizzare e valutare protocolli strutturati di training cognitivo e socio-cognitivo mediati dalla Robotica Assistiva Sociale (SAR), con l’obiettivo di sostenere la Teoria della Mente (ToM) e le funzioni cognitive, contribuendo così sia alla conservazione delle capacità residue sia alla promozione dell’invecchiamento in buona salute. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi comprende tre studi complementari relativi al tema principale. Il primo studio è una revisione sistematica condotta in conformità con le linee guida PRISMA, che ha analizzato 19 studi incentrati sull'uso della Robotica Assistiva Sociale (SAR) in persone con diagnosi di compromissione cognitiva lieve. L'analisi ha evidenziato un elevato livello di accettazione sia dei robot umanoidi che di quelli zoomorfi, nonché potenziali effetti positivi sulla memoria, sulle funzioni esecutive, sul benessere emotivo e sulla partecipazione sociale. Tuttavia, sono state individuate limitazioni significative, tra cui l'eterogeneità dei campioni, protocolli non standardizzati, la mancanza di gruppi di controllo e l'assenza di valutazioni neuropsicologiche coerenti. Nel secondo studio, una ricerca qualitativa preliminare ha valutato l'accettabilità del robot Pepper e la fattibilità di un programma di allenamento strutturato offerto a un campione di nove anziani affetti da demenza da lieve a moderata. L'analisi delle interviste e delle registrazioni video ha evidenziato un coinvolgimento emotivo, una maggiore attenzione, una maggiore autonomia durante gli esercizi e un'efficace relazione triadica tra il robot, il ricercatore e il partecipante. L'allenamento ha inoltre favorito la reminiscenza, la motivazione e la partecipazione attiva tra le persone coinvolte. Nel terzo studio, uno studio sperimentale controllato, è stato testato un programma strutturato della durata di 12 settimane su 11 persone affette dal morbo di Parkinson (PD) e 9 anziani sani. Le valutazioni socio-cognitive effettuate prima e dopo l’intervento hanno rivelato un’elevata aderenza al programma (90%) e miglioramenti significativi nella funzione cognitiva globale, nella funzione esecutiva, nella memoria verbale e nella Teoria della Mente (ToM). Non sono emerse differenze nel tasso di miglioramento tra il gruppo PD e il gruppo di controllo, indicando che la plasticità cognitiva e socio-cognitiva è preservata anche nelle prime fasi del PD. Nel complesso, i tre studi concordano nel dimostrare che i SAR sono strumenti promettenti, scalabili e ben accettati, in grado di supportare le capacità cognitive e socio-cognitive sia nell'invecchiamento sano che in condizioni patologiche. Tuttavia, la tesi sottolinea la necessità di protocolli più standardizzati, campioni più ampi, valutazioni integrate e una maggiore autonomia robotica per ottimizzare l'efficacia degli interventi.
Figliano, Giusi, SOCIAL ASSISTIVE ROBOTICS (SARs) TO PROMOTE AND SUPPORT THEORY OF MIND AND COGNITIVE SKILLS IN HEALTHY AND PATHOLOGICAL AGEING, Massaro, Davide, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore MILANO:Ciclo XXXVII. [doi:10.83049/unicatt/publicatt/10807_333136] [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/333136] [http://dx.doi.org/10.83049/unicatt/publicatt/10807_333136]
SOCIAL ASSISTIVE ROBOTICS (SARs) TO PROMOTE AND SUPPORT THEORY OF MIND AND COGNITIVE SKILLS IN HEALTHY AND PATHOLOGICAL AGEING
Figliano, Giusi
2026
Abstract
The ageing population and the increasing incidence of cognitive decline, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), have created a need for non-pharmacological interventions aimed at supporting the cognitive and socio-cognitive abilities of older people. This thesis aims to develop, analyse and evaluate structured cognitive and socio-cognitive training protocols mediated by Social Assistive Robotics (SARs), with the objectives of supporting Theory of Mind (ToM) and cognitive functions, thereby contributing both to the preservation of residual abilities and to the promotion of healthy ageing. The work presented in this thesis includes three complementary studies relating to the main theme. The first study is a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, which analysed 19 studies focusing on the use of Social Assistive Robotics (SARs) in people diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment. The analysis highlighted a high level of acceptance of both humanoid and zoomorphic robots, as well as potential positive effects on memory, executive functions, emotional well-being and social participation. However, significant limitations were identified, including heterogeneity of the samples, non-standardised protocols, the lack of control groups and the absence of consistent neuropsychological assessments. In the second study, a preliminary qualitative study assessed the acceptability of the Pepper robot and the feasibility of a structured training programme offered to a sample of nine older adults with mild to moderate dementia. Analysis of interviews and video recordings revealed emotional engagement, increased attention, greater independence during the exercises, and an effective triadic relationship between the robot, the researcher and the participant. The training also encouraged reminiscence, motivation and active participation among those involved. In the third study, a controlled experimental trial, a structured 12-week programme was tested on 11 people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 9 healthy older adults. Socio-cognitive assessments carried out before and after the intervention revealed high adherence (90%) and significant improvements in global cognitive function, executive function, verbal memory and Theory of Mind (ToM). No differences in the rate of improvement emerged between the PD group and the control group, indicating that cognitive and socio-cognitive plasticity is preserved even in the early stages of PD. Overall, the three studies agree in showing that SARs are promising, scalable and well-accepted tools capable of supporting cognitive and socio-cognitive abilities in both healthy ageing and pathological conditions. However, the thesis highlights the necessity of more standardised protocols, larger sample sizes, integrated assessments and greater robotic autonomy to optimise the effectiveness of interventions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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