Agricultural transformation is a key driver to end hunger and achieve food self-sufficiency in developing regions. Hence, the study aimed to examine the factors influencing the transformational status of high-value farms, assess sustainability, investigate the effect on market participation, and evaluate household food security. Moreover, it explored the role of knowledge utilization networks on transformational farm practices. This study significantly contributes to Ethiopian agricultural development policy and is crucial as it highlights smallholder farmers' transformation status, sustainability implications, and institutional roles. Accordingly, multi-stage sampling techniques were employed to collect primary data from 422 randomly selected heads of farm households in the central Oromia region of Ethiopia. Data was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire through personal interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple factor analysis, and econometric models. The results of the first objective indicated that approximately 48.81%, 28.91%, and 22.28% of respondents were classified as having partial, medium, and full transformation status, respectively. The size of farmland, the number of livestock in TLU, and the adoption of agricultural technologies positively influenced the likelihood of progress in farm transformation status. Furthermore, the existing transformational farming practices positively increased environmental and economic sustainability while decreasing social sustainability. The findings suggested that farmers' access to productive resources and agricultural technologies creates opportunities to enhance transformation progress, and that the current practices are economically and environmentally sustainable, although efforts towards improving social sustainability are needed. Secondly, farmers' participation in contract marketing was examined, revealing that the age of farmers and the volume limitations imposed by buyers negatively impacted participation in informal contracts. Conversely, farm size, the number of adopted agricultural technology packages, and market trust positively influenced farmers’ decisions to participate in the informal contract market. The truncated regression analysis indicated that the number of cropping systems, participation in irrigation, dummy districts, transformation status, adoption of cross-breed cows, distance to market, poultry feed availability, and access to extension services all positively affected the volume of crops, milk, and eggs sold. Hence, improvements in the status of transformational practices enhance the level of high-value farm products sold in the study areas. Thirdly, the relationship between transformational status and household food security was examined. The results indicate that 52.61% of the farmers in the study area have an acceptable food security profile, 39.34% are classified as borderline, and 8.06% have poor food consumption profiles. The food consumption score varies significantly by household age and district, with higher scores associated with a more diversified diet. The results of the Two-Stage Least Squares analysis revealed that the status of farm transformation, frequency of extension contacts, and access to information on healthy and nutritional food production significantly and positively affect food security. Conversely, income and distance from the nearest market negatively and significantly impact food security. In conclusion, the findings indicate that adopting transformational agricultural practices at the farmer level holds promise for improving access to and the availability of food. Fourthly, the impact of the knowledge utilization network on farm transformational practices was examined. The results of the first stage probit regression showed that the distance from farmers' training centres and cooperative offices negatively influenced farmers' access to extension services and farmers' cooperatives, respectively. Whereas, attending community-level meetings positively influenced farmers' linkages to build social capital. The second stage of negative binomial regression revealed that knowledge utilization through extension services, farmers' cooperatives, and social capital channels directly and positively influences the number of transformational practices adopted. Conversely, the mediator variables, such as field day demonstrations and training, were positively influenced by extension services and a mix of knowledge generated through farmers' cooperatives and extension services. Additionally, extension services indirectly influence the number of transformational farming practices adopted through field day demonstrations, which had a positive sign. Overall, the study concludes that high-value farm transformations significantly improve marketability and food security, although most farmers remain in the lower transformation category. Moreover, extension services are instrumental in promoting the adoption of transformative farming practices.
La trasformazione agricola rappresenta un fattore chiave per porre fine alla fame e raggiungere l’autosufficienza alimentare nelle regioni in via di sviluppo. Pertanto, questo studio mira a esaminare i fattori che influenzano lo stato di trasformazione delle aziende agricole ad alto valore, valutare la sostenibilità, analizzare l’effetto sulla partecipazione al mercato e valutare la sicurezza alimentare delle famiglie. Inoltre, esplora il ruolo delle reti di utilizzo della conoscenza nelle pratiche agricole trasformative. Questo studio contribuisce in modo significativo alle politiche di sviluppo agricolo in Etiopia, poiché evidenzia lo stato di trasformazione dei piccoli agricoltori, le implicazioni per la sostenibilità e il ruolo delle istituzioni. A tal fine, sono state impiegate tecniche di campionamento multistadio per raccogliere dati primari da 422 capi di aziende agricole selezionati casualmente nella regione centrale dell’Oromia, in Etiopia. I dati sono stati raccolti tramite un questionario semi-strutturato mediante interviste personali e analizzati utilizzando statistiche descrittive, analisi fattoriale multipla e modelli econometrici. I risultati del primo obiettivo indicano che circa il 48,81%, il 28,91% e il 22,28% degli intervistati sono stati classificati rispettivamente con uno stato di trasformazione parziale, medio e completo. La dimensione della superficie agricola, il numero di capi di bestiame espresso in TLU e l’adozione di tecnologie agricole hanno influenzato positivamente la probabilità di progresso nello stato di trasformazione aziendale. Inoltre, le pratiche agricole trasformative esistenti hanno aumentato positivamente la sostenibilità ambientale ed economica, riducendo al contempo la sostenibilità sociale. I risultati suggeriscono che l’accesso degli agricoltori alle risorse produttive e alle tecnologie agricole crea opportunità per migliorare il progresso della trasformazione e che le pratiche attuali sono economicamente e ambientalmente sostenibili, sebbene siano necessari ulteriori sforzi per migliorare la sostenibilità sociale. In secondo luogo, è stata esaminata la partecipazione degli agricoltori al mercato dei contratti informali. I risultati mostrano che l’età degli agricoltori e le limitazioni di volume imposte dagli acquirenti influenzano negativamente la partecipazione ai contratti informali. Al contrario, la dimensione dell’azienda agricola, il numero di pacchetti tecnologici agricoli adottati e la fiducia nel mercato influenzano positivamente la decisione degli agricoltori di partecipare al mercato dei contratti informali. L’analisi di regressione troncata ha indicato che il numero di sistemi colturali, la partecipazione all’irrigazione, i distretti (variabili dummy), lo stato di trasformazione, l’adozione di vacche di razza incrociata, la distanza dal mercato, la disponibilità di mangime per il pollame e l’accesso ai servizi di estensione influenzano positivamente il volume di colture, latte e uova venduti. Pertanto, il miglioramento dello stato delle pratiche trasformative aumenta il livello dei prodotti agricoli ad alto valore venduti nelle aree di studio. In terzo luogo, è stata analizzata la relazione tra lo stato di trasformazione e la sicurezza alimentare delle famiglie. I risultati indicano che il 52,61% degli agricoltori nell’area di studio presenta un profilo accettabile di sicurezza alimentare, il 39,34% è classificato come borderline e l’8,06% presenta un profilo di consumo alimentare scarso. Il punteggio di consumo alimentare varia significativamente in base all’età del capofamiglia e al distretto, con punteggi più elevati associati a una dieta più diversificata. I risultati dell’analisi con il metodo dei Minimi Quadrati a Due Stadi hanno rivelato che lo stato di trasformazione aziendale, la frequenza dei contatti con i servizi di estensione e l’accesso alle informazioni sulla produzione di alimenti sani e nutrienti influenzano positivamente e in modo significativo la sicurezza alimentare. Al contrario, il reddito e la distanza dal mercato più vicino influenzano negativamente e in modo significativo la sicurezza alimentare. In conclusione, i risultati indicano che l’adozione di pratiche agricole trasformative a livello degli agricoltori offre prospettive promettenti per migliorare l’accesso al cibo e la sua disponibilità. In quarto luogo, è stato esaminato l’impatto della rete di utilizzo della conoscenza sulle pratiche agricole trasformative. I risultati della prima fase della regressione probit mostrano che la distanza dai centri di formazione agricola e dagli uffici delle cooperative influenza negativamente l’accesso degli agricoltori ai servizi di estensione e alle cooperative agricole, rispettivamente. Al contrario, la partecipazione a incontri a livello comunitario influenza positivamente i collegamenti degli agricoltori per la costruzione del capitale sociale. La seconda fase della regressione binomiale negativa ha rivelato che l’utilizzo della conoscenza attraverso i servizi di estensione, le cooperative agricole e i canali di capitale sociale influenza direttamente e positivamente il numero di pratiche trasformative adottate. Al contrario, le variabili mediatrici, come le dimostrazioni in campo e le attività di formazione, sono state positivamente influenzate dai servizi di estensione e da una combinazione di conoscenze generate attraverso le cooperative agricole e i servizi di estensione. Inoltre, i servizi di estensione influenzano indirettamente il numero di pratiche agricole trasformative adottate attraverso le dimostrazioni in campo, che hanno mostrato un effetto positivo. Nel complesso, lo studio conclude che la trasformazione delle aziende agricole ad alto valore migliora significativamente la commerciabilità e la sicurezza alimentare, sebbene la maggior parte degli agricoltori rimanga nelle categorie di trasformazione più basse. Inoltre, i servizi di estensione svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nel promuovere l’adozione di pratiche agricole trasformative.
Hussen, Chala Hailu, Farm Transformation Status and Sustainability in High-Value Crops and Livestock Farms: Effect on Market Partecipation, Food Security, and the Role of Knowledge Networks. Evidence from Central Oromia Region, Ethiopia, Canali, Gabriele, Tabaglio, Vincenzo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore SEDE DI PIACENZA:Ciclo XXXVIII. [doi:10.83049/unicatt/publicatt/10807_332421] [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/332421] [http://dx.doi.org/10.83049/unicatt/publicatt/10807_332421]
Farm Transformation Status and Sustainability in High-Value Crops and Livestock Farms: Effect on Market Partecipation, Food Security, and the Role of Knowledge Networks. Evidence from Central Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Hussen, Chala Hailu
2026
Abstract
Agricultural transformation is a key driver to end hunger and achieve food self-sufficiency in developing regions. Hence, the study aimed to examine the factors influencing the transformational status of high-value farms, assess sustainability, investigate the effect on market participation, and evaluate household food security. Moreover, it explored the role of knowledge utilization networks on transformational farm practices. This study significantly contributes to Ethiopian agricultural development policy and is crucial as it highlights smallholder farmers' transformation status, sustainability implications, and institutional roles. Accordingly, multi-stage sampling techniques were employed to collect primary data from 422 randomly selected heads of farm households in the central Oromia region of Ethiopia. Data was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire through personal interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple factor analysis, and econometric models. The results of the first objective indicated that approximately 48.81%, 28.91%, and 22.28% of respondents were classified as having partial, medium, and full transformation status, respectively. The size of farmland, the number of livestock in TLU, and the adoption of agricultural technologies positively influenced the likelihood of progress in farm transformation status. Furthermore, the existing transformational farming practices positively increased environmental and economic sustainability while decreasing social sustainability. The findings suggested that farmers' access to productive resources and agricultural technologies creates opportunities to enhance transformation progress, and that the current practices are economically and environmentally sustainable, although efforts towards improving social sustainability are needed. Secondly, farmers' participation in contract marketing was examined, revealing that the age of farmers and the volume limitations imposed by buyers negatively impacted participation in informal contracts. Conversely, farm size, the number of adopted agricultural technology packages, and market trust positively influenced farmers’ decisions to participate in the informal contract market. The truncated regression analysis indicated that the number of cropping systems, participation in irrigation, dummy districts, transformation status, adoption of cross-breed cows, distance to market, poultry feed availability, and access to extension services all positively affected the volume of crops, milk, and eggs sold. Hence, improvements in the status of transformational practices enhance the level of high-value farm products sold in the study areas. Thirdly, the relationship between transformational status and household food security was examined. The results indicate that 52.61% of the farmers in the study area have an acceptable food security profile, 39.34% are classified as borderline, and 8.06% have poor food consumption profiles. The food consumption score varies significantly by household age and district, with higher scores associated with a more diversified diet. The results of the Two-Stage Least Squares analysis revealed that the status of farm transformation, frequency of extension contacts, and access to information on healthy and nutritional food production significantly and positively affect food security. Conversely, income and distance from the nearest market negatively and significantly impact food security. In conclusion, the findings indicate that adopting transformational agricultural practices at the farmer level holds promise for improving access to and the availability of food. Fourthly, the impact of the knowledge utilization network on farm transformational practices was examined. The results of the first stage probit regression showed that the distance from farmers' training centres and cooperative offices negatively influenced farmers' access to extension services and farmers' cooperatives, respectively. Whereas, attending community-level meetings positively influenced farmers' linkages to build social capital. The second stage of negative binomial regression revealed that knowledge utilization through extension services, farmers' cooperatives, and social capital channels directly and positively influences the number of transformational practices adopted. Conversely, the mediator variables, such as field day demonstrations and training, were positively influenced by extension services and a mix of knowledge generated through farmers' cooperatives and extension services. Additionally, extension services indirectly influence the number of transformational farming practices adopted through field day demonstrations, which had a positive sign. Overall, the study concludes that high-value farm transformations significantly improve marketability and food security, although most farmers remain in the lower transformation category. Moreover, extension services are instrumental in promoting the adoption of transformative farming practices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: This thesis is uploaded for graduating PhD in Agri-food system from Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza campus, Italy.
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Note: This thesis is done for pursue PhD degree from Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
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