This doctoral thesis explores the decision-making process underlying the termination of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) treatment. The end of ART represents one of the most challenging phases in the clinical pathway. It occurs when the success probabilities are low, and it is in the couple’s best interest to stop the treatment. Unlike other medical contexts, there is no a standardized biological endpoint in the ART setting. Thus, clinical decisions regarding ART discontinuation are often arbitrary, with considerable variability and an elevated risk of misalignment among healthcare professionals. Accordingly, through a mixed-methods approach based on five studies, this thesis aims to explore the decision-making process underlying the end of ART treatment, investigating both patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perspectives. The first study employed focus groups with physicians, biologists, and psychotherapists from ART centres to investigate their perspectives and experiences regarding the treatment termination. Data analysis adhered to Grounded Theory principles, revealing two pivotal themes: the antecedent decision-making process and the conceptual classification of treatment cessation. The decision-making process related to the end of ART treatment involves multiple stakeholders, with the decisional role assumed by the physician (or multidisciplinary team), patient/couple, or rarely shared between parties. Although healthcare professionals regard shared decision making as indispensable, they perceive its practical implementation in ART settings as particularly challenging. Therefore, the second study explored patients’ perceptions of Shared Decision-Making (SDM) by investigating the decision-making process that leads them to either discontinue ART or pursue further treatment following an unsuccessful cycle. Path analysis demonstrated the crucial role of SDM in reducing perceived decisional conflict and promoting effective dyadic coping strategies for managing infertility-related stress. The classification of “end of ART treatment” broadly encompasses heterogenous scenarios. However, this thesis emphasised the importance of distinguishing between the end of homologous and third-party reproduction. The end of homologous reproduction does not necessarily mean the end of the clinical journey, as couples may choose to undergo third-party reproduction. However, findings showed that one in three couples declines third-party reproduction. Given the paucity of data regarding patients’ attitudes toward third-party reproduction acceptance or rejection, this choice was examined from clinical and psychological perspectives. The third study conducted a Latent Class Analysis to profile ART patients, identifying four distinct clinical profiles with varying degrees of willingness to accept third-party reproduction. Moreover, the fourth qualitative study investigated the lived experiences of couples following the termination of homologous reproduction, exploring their motivations for accepting or refusing third-party reproduction and their perceptions of decision- making processes with healthcare professionals. The fifth study is an opinion paper, which shifts from empirical investigation to methodological reflections. Grounded on previous studies, this opinion proposes a closer alignment between patient- centred medicine’s paradigm and person-centred statistical methods. This thesis clarifies several critical dimensions of clinical decision-making in reproductive medicine. High-quality ART care necessitates the provision of conditions that enable patients to make well- informed and satisfying choices. Training interventions designed to optimize SDM constitute indispensable components of patient-centred care. Accordingly, psychological interventions are necessary to support patients and promote their psychosocial well-being throughout the ART pathway and beyond its end.
Questa tesi di dottorato esplora il processo decisionale sotteso all'interruzione dei trattamenti di Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (Procreazione Medicalmente PMA). La cessazione della PMA rappresenta una delle fasi più critiche nel percorso clinico. Si verifica quando le probabilità di successo sono così ridotte che è nell'interesse della coppia interrompere il trattamento. A differenza di altri contesti medici, non esiste un endpoint biologico standardizzato nel setting della PMA. Di conseguenza, le decisioni cliniche riguardanti la fine del trattamento sono spesso arbitrarie, con considerevole variabilità e un rischio elevato di disallineamento tra i professionisti sanitari. Pertanto, attraverso un approccio misto basato su cinque studi, questa tesi si propone di esplorare il processo decisionale sotteso alla fine del trattamento di PMA, indagando le prospettive sia dei pazienti che dei professionisti sanitari. Il primo studio ha impiegato focus group con medici, biologi e psicoterapeuti provenienti da centri di PMA per indagare le loro prospettive ed esperienze riguardanti l'interruzione del trattamento. L'analisi dei dati ha aderito ai principi della Grounded Theory, rivelando due temi cruciali: il processo decisionale antecedente e la classificazione concettuale della categoria “fine del trattamento”. Il processo decisionale relativo alla fine del trattamento di PMA coinvolge molteplici stakeholder, con il ruolo decisionale assunto dal medico (o dal team multidisciplinare), dalla paziente/coppia, o raramente condiviso tra le parti. Sebbene i professionisti sanitari considerino la decisione condivisa come indispensabile, percepiscono l'implementazione pratica nel setting della PMA come particolarmente impegnativa. Pertanto, il secondo studio ha esplorato le percezioni dei pazienti riguardanti la Shared Decision-Making (SDM) indagando il processo decisionale che li porta a interrompere la PMA o a proseguire il trattamento dopo un ciclo fallito. L'analisi dei percorsi ha dimostrato il ruolo cruciale della SDM nel ridurre il conflitto decisionale percepito e nel promuovere strategie efficaci di coping diadico per gestire lo stress correlato all'infertilità. La classificazione della "fine del trattamento di Procreazione Medicalmente PMA" comprende ampiamente scenari eterogenei. Tuttavia, questa tesi ha sottolineato l'importanza di distinguere tra la fine della riproduzione omologa e della riproduzione eterologa. La fine della riproduzione omologa non necessariamente comporta la fine del percorso clinico, poiché le coppie possono scegliere di sottoporsi a riproduzione eterologa. Tuttavia, i risultati hanno mostrato che una coppia su tre rifiuta la riproduzione con donazione di gameti. Data la scarsità di dati riguardanti gli atteggiamenti dei pazienti verso l'accettazione o il rifiuto della riproduzione con terze parti, questa scelta è stata esaminata da prospettive cliniche e psicologiche. Il terzo studio ha condotto una Latent Class Analysis per profilare i pazienti sottoposti a PMA, identificando quattro profili clinici distinti con gradi variabili di disponibilità ad accettare la riproduzione eterologa. Inoltre, il quarto studio qualitativo ha indagato le esperienze vissute dalle coppie in seguito all'interruzione della riproduzione omologa, esplorando le loro motivazioni ad accettare o rifiutare la riproduzione eterologa e le loro percezioni dei processi decisionali con i professionisti sanitari. Il quinto studio è un opinion paper che sposta l'attenzione dall'indagine empirica alle riflessioni metodologiche. Fondato sugli studi precedenti, questo articolo propone un più stretto allineamento tra il paradigma della medicina centrata sul paziente e i metodi statistici person-centred. Questa tesi chiarisce diverse dimensioni critiche della decisione clinica in medicina riproduttiva. L'erogazione di assistenza PMAdi alta qualità necessita della creazione di condizioni che consentano ai pazienti di fare scelte consapevoli e soddisfacenti. Gli interventi di formazione progettati per ottimizzare la SDM costituiscono componenti indispensabili dell'assistenza incentrata sul paziente. Di conseguenza, gli interventi psicologici sono necessari per supportare i pazienti e promuovere il loro benessere psicosociale lungo tutto il percorso della PMAe oltre la sua conclusione.
Bonazza, Federica, THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AT THE END OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY TREATMENT: PERSPECTIVES OF PATIENTS AND HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS, Molgora, Sara, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore MILANO:Ciclo XXXVIII [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/329600]
THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AT THE END OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY TREATMENT: PERSPECTIVES OF PATIENTS AND HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS
Bonazza, Federica
2026
Abstract
This doctoral thesis explores the decision-making process underlying the termination of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) treatment. The end of ART represents one of the most challenging phases in the clinical pathway. It occurs when the success probabilities are low, and it is in the couple’s best interest to stop the treatment. Unlike other medical contexts, there is no a standardized biological endpoint in the ART setting. Thus, clinical decisions regarding ART discontinuation are often arbitrary, with considerable variability and an elevated risk of misalignment among healthcare professionals. Accordingly, through a mixed-methods approach based on five studies, this thesis aims to explore the decision-making process underlying the end of ART treatment, investigating both patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perspectives. The first study employed focus groups with physicians, biologists, and psychotherapists from ART centres to investigate their perspectives and experiences regarding the treatment termination. Data analysis adhered to Grounded Theory principles, revealing two pivotal themes: the antecedent decision-making process and the conceptual classification of treatment cessation. The decision-making process related to the end of ART treatment involves multiple stakeholders, with the decisional role assumed by the physician (or multidisciplinary team), patient/couple, or rarely shared between parties. Although healthcare professionals regard shared decision making as indispensable, they perceive its practical implementation in ART settings as particularly challenging. Therefore, the second study explored patients’ perceptions of Shared Decision-Making (SDM) by investigating the decision-making process that leads them to either discontinue ART or pursue further treatment following an unsuccessful cycle. Path analysis demonstrated the crucial role of SDM in reducing perceived decisional conflict and promoting effective dyadic coping strategies for managing infertility-related stress. The classification of “end of ART treatment” broadly encompasses heterogenous scenarios. However, this thesis emphasised the importance of distinguishing between the end of homologous and third-party reproduction. The end of homologous reproduction does not necessarily mean the end of the clinical journey, as couples may choose to undergo third-party reproduction. However, findings showed that one in three couples declines third-party reproduction. Given the paucity of data regarding patients’ attitudes toward third-party reproduction acceptance or rejection, this choice was examined from clinical and psychological perspectives. The third study conducted a Latent Class Analysis to profile ART patients, identifying four distinct clinical profiles with varying degrees of willingness to accept third-party reproduction. Moreover, the fourth qualitative study investigated the lived experiences of couples following the termination of homologous reproduction, exploring their motivations for accepting or refusing third-party reproduction and their perceptions of decision- making processes with healthcare professionals. The fifth study is an opinion paper, which shifts from empirical investigation to methodological reflections. Grounded on previous studies, this opinion proposes a closer alignment between patient- centred medicine’s paradigm and person-centred statistical methods. This thesis clarifies several critical dimensions of clinical decision-making in reproductive medicine. High-quality ART care necessitates the provision of conditions that enable patients to make well- informed and satisfying choices. Training interventions designed to optimize SDM constitute indispensable components of patient-centred care. Accordingly, psychological interventions are necessary to support patients and promote their psychosocial well-being throughout the ART pathway and beyond its end.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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