This contribution examines the impact of European expansion between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, focusing on the exchanges of plants and animals between the Old and the New World known as the “Columbian Exchange.” This process profoundly reshaped global demographic, ecological, and economic balances, marking a decisive turning point in environmental and social history. Europe gained new food resources, though their integration into agricultural systems and consumption patterns was neither linear nor immediate, while simultaneously exporting plants, animals, and new forms of land exploitation to other continents. For Indigenous American populations, contact with Europe had largely catastrophic consequences due to epidemics and colonial exploitation; for Europe, by contrast, it became a major driver of economic, demographic, and scientific growth. Beyond high-calorie crops such as maize and potatoes, colonial commodities – including sugar, cacao, coffee, tea, tobacco, and cotton – transformed European consumption, evolving from luxury goods into items of mass demand and contributing to the decline of sumptuary legislation. European expansion also fostered intense scientific interest in extra-European nature, giving rise to “colonial botany” through expeditions, botanical gardens, and taxonomic classification, often at the expense of Indigenous knowledge and reinforcing a Eurocentric framework of scientific authority.
Il contributo analizza l’impatto dell’espansione europea tra XV e XIX secolo, con particolare riferimento agli scambi di piante e animali tra Vecchio e Nuovo Mondo, definiti da Alfred W. Crosby “scambio colombiano”. Questo processo determinò profonde trasformazioni demografiche, ecologiche ed economiche su scala globale, segnando una svolta irreversibile nella storia ambientale e sociale. L’Europa acquisì nuove risorse alimentari, integrate solo gradualmente nei sistemi agricoli e nei modelli di consumo, mentre esportò piante, animali e nuove forme di sfruttamento del suolo nelle Americhe e in altri continenti. Per le popolazioni amerinde il contatto con l’Europa ebbe conseguenze prevalentemente catastrofiche, soprattutto a causa delle epidemie e dello sfruttamento coloniale; per l’Europa, invece, rappresentò un fattore decisivo di crescita economica, demografica e scientifica. Oltre a colture ad alta resa calorica come mais e patata, prodotti coloniali quali zucchero, cacao, caffè, tè, tabacco e cotone trasformarono profondamente i consumi europei, passando da beni di lusso a oggetti di domanda di massa e favorendo il declino delle leggi suntuarie. L’espansione europea stimolò inoltre un intenso interesse scientifico per la natura extraeuropea, dando origine a una “botanica coloniale” fondata su spedizioni, giardini botanici e classificazioni tassonomiche, spesso a scapito dei saperi indigeni e secondo una prospettiva eurocentrica.
Fumi, G., L’impatto delle piante americane sulla storia economica e sociale dell’Europa, in Sandrucci, A., Failla, O. (ed.), Piante, animali e società. L'America precolombiana e l'agricoltura europea, Museo di Storia dell’Agricoltura e Centro Studi e Ricerche per la Museologia Agraria ETS, Milano 2026: 59- 79 [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/328476]
L’impatto delle piante americane sulla storia economica e sociale dell’Europa
Fumi, Gianpiero
2026
Abstract
This contribution examines the impact of European expansion between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, focusing on the exchanges of plants and animals between the Old and the New World known as the “Columbian Exchange.” This process profoundly reshaped global demographic, ecological, and economic balances, marking a decisive turning point in environmental and social history. Europe gained new food resources, though their integration into agricultural systems and consumption patterns was neither linear nor immediate, while simultaneously exporting plants, animals, and new forms of land exploitation to other continents. For Indigenous American populations, contact with Europe had largely catastrophic consequences due to epidemics and colonial exploitation; for Europe, by contrast, it became a major driver of economic, demographic, and scientific growth. Beyond high-calorie crops such as maize and potatoes, colonial commodities – including sugar, cacao, coffee, tea, tobacco, and cotton – transformed European consumption, evolving from luxury goods into items of mass demand and contributing to the decline of sumptuary legislation. European expansion also fostered intense scientific interest in extra-European nature, giving rise to “colonial botany” through expeditions, botanical gardens, and taxonomic classification, often at the expense of Indigenous knowledge and reinforcing a Eurocentric framework of scientific authority.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.



