The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on mental and physical health globally. Indeed, measures taken to counter this coronavirus, such as social distancing, lockdowns, and suspension of daily activities, have had profound effects on mental health, causing an increase in disorders such as anxiety, depression, stress, and loneliness. In particular, specific populations have been negatively affected, such as emerging adults, who are engaged in major life transitions, and patients with chronic diseases, who are already physically and emotionally vulnerable. In this context, it is necessary to develop innovative and accessible interventions to promote emotional and psychological well-being as suggested by the Mental Health Continuum Model, taking advantage of the potential offered by digital technologies. Among these, digital therapeutics (DTx) and virtual reality (VR) offer promising solutions. Indeed, DTx can be considered a valuable option because of their low environmental impact and their ability to reach various populations and age groups remotely, while VR offers several opportunities to enhance mental health by fostering relaxation, positive emotions, and personal change. At the same time, positive emotions have been shown to be effective tools in promoting well-being, as highlighted by the literature and in line with the perspective of enhancing well-being emphasized by the Mental Health Continuum Model, and in particular savoring, that is the ability to voluntarily intensify and prolong positive emotions, represents a promising approach focused on mental health promotion that can also be delivered online. This thesis therefore aims to integrate VR and savoring to develop innovative digital interventions that can improve emotional and psychological well-being and counteract the negative psychological effects caused by the pandemic. Specifically, this thesis is therefore divided into six chapters. In particular, Chapter 1 provides a theoretical foundation, analyzing the negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in two particularly vulnerable populations, namely emerging adults and patients with chronic respiratory diseases, and the potential of DTx as an innovative digital solution to promote mental health. VR as a tool to promote emotional and psychological well-being is explored, and the potential of positive emotions and particularly their amplification through savoring is outlined. Following this, Chapters 2, 3, and 4 contain three studies that have been published or submitted to indexed scientific journals, and Chapter 5 contains an ongoing study. Hence, these chapters follow the usual structure of research papers, including abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Specifically, Chapter 2 presents a scoping review of the literature on the combined use of breathing techniques and VR to promote mental health. It explores how breathing, a compromised element during the pandemic and a central tool for relaxation and emotional regulation, was integrated into VR experiences and what effects it had on various psychological and physical outcomes. This scoping review identifies gaps in the literature and provides insights for the design of future interventions. Chapter 3 describes an experimental study that developed and tested an online savoring intervention for emerging Italian adults, a population particularly affected by the pandemic. This chapter outlines the methodological principles and details of the intervention, laying the groundwork for the application of positive psychology techniques such as savoring through digital platforms. Chapter 4 focuses on a pilot RCT integrating VR and savoring to improve the emotional and psychological well-being and respiratory outcomes of patients with chronic respiratory diseases, one of the categories most vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19, laying the foundation for the development of a DTx aimed at mental health. Chapter 5 explores how virtual transformative experiences experienced through VR can influence the practice of savoring and well-being in Italian and Spanish young adults trying to achieve a greater understanding of how VR influences the amplification of positive emotions, especially in the post-pandemic period, while building the foundation for the development of a digital solution targeted at enhancing emerging adults' well-being. Lastly, Chapter 6 summarizes the main findings of the thesis, highlighting their theoretical and practical implications. The strengths and limitations of the studies conducted are discussed, as well as outlining future directions. This thesis thus provides valuable new insights regarding the integration of VR, savoring and digital technologies to promote emotional and psychological well-being in the post-pandemic time period.
La pandemia di COVID-19 ha avuto un impatto significativo sulla salute mentale e fisica a livello globale. Infatti, le misure adottate per contrastare questo coronavirus, come l'allontanamento sociale, i lockdown e la sospensione delle attività quotidiane, hanno avuto effetti profondi sulla salute mentale, causando un aumento di disturbi come ansia, depressione, stress e solitudine. In particolare, sono state colpite negativamente popolazioni specifiche, come i giovani adulti, impegnati in importanti transizioni di vita, e i pazienti con malattie croniche, i quali possono essere considerati già fisicamente ed emotivamente vulnerabili. In questo contesto, è necessario sviluppare interventi innovativi e accessibili per promuovere il benessere emotivo e psicologico, come suggerito dal Mental Health Continuum Model, sfruttando le potenzialità offerte dalle tecnologie digitali. Tra queste, le terapie digitali (DTx) e la realtà virtuale (VR) offrono soluzioni promettenti. Infatti, i DTx possono essere considerati un'opzione valida per il loro basso impatto ambientale e per la loro capacità di raggiungere a distanza diverse popolazioni e gruppi di età, mentre la VR offre diverse opportunità per migliorare la salute mentale favorendo il rilassamento, le emozioni positive e il cambiamento personale. Allo stesso tempo, è stato dimostrato che le emozioni positive sono strumenti efficaci per promuovere il benessere, come evidenziato dalla letteratura e in linea con la prospettiva della promozione del benessere enfatizzata dal Mental Health Continuum Model. In particolare il savoring, ovvero la capacità di intensificare e prolungare volontariamente le emozioni positive, rappresenta un approccio promettente incentrato sulla promozione della salute mentale che può essere erogato anche online. Questa tesi si propone quindi di integrare VR e savoring per sviluppare interventi digitali innovativi che possano migliorare il benessere emotivo e psicologico e contrastare gli effetti psicologici negativi causati dalla pandemia. Nello specifico, questa tesi è quindi suddivisa in sei capitoli. In particolare, il Capitolo 1 fornisce una base teorica, analizzando gli effetti psicologici negativi della pandemia COVID-19, soprattutto in due popolazioni particolarmente vulnerabili, ovvero gli adulti emergenti e i pazienti con malattie respiratorie croniche, e il potenziale della DTx come soluzione digitale innovativa per promuovere la salute mentale. Inoltre, viene esplorata la VR come strumento per promuovere il benessere emotivo e psicologico e viene delineato il potenziale delle emozioni positive e in particolare la loro amplificazione attraverso il savoring. I Capitoli 2, 3, e 4 contengono tre studi pubblicati o submitted a riviste scientifiche indicizzate, mentre il Capitolo 5 che contiene uno studio in corso. Pertanto, questi capitoli seguono la struttura degli articoli scientifici, che comprende la suddivisione in abstract, introduzione, metodi, risultati e discussione. In particolare, il Capitolo 2 presenta una revisione della letteratura sull'uso combinato di tecniche di respirazione e VR per promuovere la salute mentale. Tale revisione esplora come la respirazione, un elemento compromesso durante la pandemia e strumento centrale per il rilassamento e la regolazione emotiva, è stato integrato nelle esperienze VR e quali effetti ha avuto su vari outcome psicologici e fisici. Questa revisione individua le lacune della letteratura e fornisce spunti per la progettazione di interventi futuri. Il Capitolo 3 descrive uno studio sperimentale che ha sviluppato e implementato un intervento di savoring online per giovani adulti italiani, una popolazione particolarmente colpita dalla pandemia. Il capitolo illustra i principi metodologici e i dettagli dell'intervento, gettando le basi per l'applicazione di tecniche di psicologia positiva come il savoring attraverso le piattaforme digitali. Il Capitolo 4 si concentra su un RCT pilota che integra VR e savoring per migliorare il benessere emotivo e psicologico e gli outcome respiratori dei pazienti con malattie respiratorie croniche, una delle categorie più vulnerabili nel contesto della pandemia, gettando le basi per lo sviluppo di un DTx mirato alla salute mentale. Il Capitolo 5 esplora come le esperienze virtuali trasformative possano influenzare la pratica di savoring e del benessere in giovani adulti italiani e spagnoli, cercando di ottenere una maggiore comprensione di come la VR influenzi l'amplificazione delle emozioni positive, soprattutto nel periodo post-pandemico, costruendo al contempo le basi per lo sviluppo di una soluzione digitale mirata a migliorare il benessere dei giovani adulti. Infine, il Capitolo 6 riassume i principali risultati della tesi, evidenziandone le implicazioni teoriche e pratiche. Vengono discussi i punti di forza e i limiti degli studi condotti, e vengono delineate le direzioni future. Questa tesi fornisce quindi nuovi preziosi spunti sull'integrazione di VR, savoring e tecnologie digitali per promuovere il benessere emotivo e psicologico nel periodo post-pandemico.
Pancini, Elisa, EFFECTIVENESS OF A LOW-IMPACT DIGITAL THERAPEUTIC ON THE NEGATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: SAVORING AND VIRTUAL REALITY FOR PROMOTING EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING, Villani, Daniela, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore MILANO:Ciclo XXXVII [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/317076]
EFFECTIVENESS OF A LOW-IMPACT DIGITAL THERAPEUTIC ON THE NEGATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: SAVORING AND VIRTUAL REALITY FOR PROMOTING EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
Pancini, Elisa
2025
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on mental and physical health globally. Indeed, measures taken to counter this coronavirus, such as social distancing, lockdowns, and suspension of daily activities, have had profound effects on mental health, causing an increase in disorders such as anxiety, depression, stress, and loneliness. In particular, specific populations have been negatively affected, such as emerging adults, who are engaged in major life transitions, and patients with chronic diseases, who are already physically and emotionally vulnerable. In this context, it is necessary to develop innovative and accessible interventions to promote emotional and psychological well-being as suggested by the Mental Health Continuum Model, taking advantage of the potential offered by digital technologies. Among these, digital therapeutics (DTx) and virtual reality (VR) offer promising solutions. Indeed, DTx can be considered a valuable option because of their low environmental impact and their ability to reach various populations and age groups remotely, while VR offers several opportunities to enhance mental health by fostering relaxation, positive emotions, and personal change. At the same time, positive emotions have been shown to be effective tools in promoting well-being, as highlighted by the literature and in line with the perspective of enhancing well-being emphasized by the Mental Health Continuum Model, and in particular savoring, that is the ability to voluntarily intensify and prolong positive emotions, represents a promising approach focused on mental health promotion that can also be delivered online. This thesis therefore aims to integrate VR and savoring to develop innovative digital interventions that can improve emotional and psychological well-being and counteract the negative psychological effects caused by the pandemic. Specifically, this thesis is therefore divided into six chapters. In particular, Chapter 1 provides a theoretical foundation, analyzing the negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in two particularly vulnerable populations, namely emerging adults and patients with chronic respiratory diseases, and the potential of DTx as an innovative digital solution to promote mental health. VR as a tool to promote emotional and psychological well-being is explored, and the potential of positive emotions and particularly their amplification through savoring is outlined. Following this, Chapters 2, 3, and 4 contain three studies that have been published or submitted to indexed scientific journals, and Chapter 5 contains an ongoing study. Hence, these chapters follow the usual structure of research papers, including abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Specifically, Chapter 2 presents a scoping review of the literature on the combined use of breathing techniques and VR to promote mental health. It explores how breathing, a compromised element during the pandemic and a central tool for relaxation and emotional regulation, was integrated into VR experiences and what effects it had on various psychological and physical outcomes. This scoping review identifies gaps in the literature and provides insights for the design of future interventions. Chapter 3 describes an experimental study that developed and tested an online savoring intervention for emerging Italian adults, a population particularly affected by the pandemic. This chapter outlines the methodological principles and details of the intervention, laying the groundwork for the application of positive psychology techniques such as savoring through digital platforms. Chapter 4 focuses on a pilot RCT integrating VR and savoring to improve the emotional and psychological well-being and respiratory outcomes of patients with chronic respiratory diseases, one of the categories most vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19, laying the foundation for the development of a DTx aimed at mental health. Chapter 5 explores how virtual transformative experiences experienced through VR can influence the practice of savoring and well-being in Italian and Spanish young adults trying to achieve a greater understanding of how VR influences the amplification of positive emotions, especially in the post-pandemic period, while building the foundation for the development of a digital solution targeted at enhancing emerging adults' well-being. Lastly, Chapter 6 summarizes the main findings of the thesis, highlighting their theoretical and practical implications. The strengths and limitations of the studies conducted are discussed, as well as outlining future directions. This thesis thus provides valuable new insights regarding the integration of VR, savoring and digital technologies to promote emotional and psychological well-being in the post-pandemic time period.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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