Towards new forms of economic and political action: from voice to entry

The authors propose a classification of these new models by examining two main variables: (1) the tension between voice and entry as type of action implemented; and (2) the dichotomy between bottom-up and top-down origin in terms of trajectory of launch. Four distinctive models emerge from the intersection of these two interpretative axes: mobilization; organizing; cooperation; and networking. Beyond transversal commonalities shared by all the four clusters, referring to organizational structure, goals and strategies, the distinctive traits of each model are discussed in depth. The transversal reading also sheds light on the strengths and transferability of the ideal-typical models proposed, limitation and constraints as well as tensions, osmosis between the various quadrants and the potential evolutions and mutual interference between the clusters.