Fundamentals of Electroencephalography and Optical Imaging for Sport and Exercise Science. From the Laboratory to On-the-Playing-Field Acquired Evidence

The present chapter will focus on the use of electroencephalography (EEG) and cerebral optical imaging (functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, fNIRS) techniques within the domain of sport and exercise sciences. After a brief introduction on brain functioning and how it is mirrored by electrophysiological and hemodynamic responses, we will present examples from literature concerning the application of EEG and fNIRS to study the correlates and consequences of sport activity and physical exercise, with a focus on both clinical and non-pathological domains. Finally, we will present a technical-methodological primer for the use of EEG and fNIRS, and discuss some troubleshooting practical advice to account for limitations and technical issues when using them as investigation tools for sport applied research.