Due to the economic, social, and spatial consequences caused by the economic crisis, which started in 2008, the topic of inequality within the most developed countries receives great attention nowadays. The economic crisis, the most serious in many decades, is producing important consequences also within countries that had already reached high levels of collective wellness and social protection. The aim of this paper is a preliminary consideration from a geographical perspective on the increase of inequalities in some developed areas, in particular Italy, France, European Union and Canada, highlighting the spatial dimensions of this phenomenon within the urban environment, because cities are key centers for the development of individuals’ potential. In general, it can be observed that the discomfort produced by social recession is reinforced by the appearing of new forms of spatial “impoverishment”, which nourish and strengthen inequalities, risking to affect the socio–territorial cohesion. Nowadays, the evolution of poverty forms inscribes itself, in fact, into space with extremely diverse modalities. The “traditional” poverty profiles allowed the detection of some areas of concentration and specific zones of deprivation (ghettos, poor or emarginated urban enclaves, more undeveloped rural areas). On the contrary, the new poverty profiles are definitely more liquid and changeable, in this way making attempts to define and individualize deprived spaces more difficult; or else, these difficulties can depend on the territorial scale of observation and analysis, that can affect the territorial dimensions assumed by poverty and social exclusion (Boulineau, Bonerandi–Richard 2014). In addition, the incessant and widespread suburbanization contributes to the diversification of poverty spatial forms. In addition, the national welfare state models allow facing these problems through various intervention systems, with consequences that deeply affect social wellness and spatial justice. In geographical literature (for example Séchet, 1996) it is highlighted that with the presence of inequalities and social imbalances, serious problems of managing and governing urban space arise. Moreover, these problems risk evolving into genuine socio–territorial pathologies because the imbalances that materialize in the space will tend to persist and increase. Today, many cities, which have long been considered spaces of social and cultural integration, foment thus a new ‘urban issue’ (Boulineau, Bonerandi–Richard, 2014; Cassiers, Kesteloot, 2012).
Il tema delle disuguaglianze nei paesi più sviluppati è oggi di grande attualità per via delle conseguenze economiche, sociali e spaziali della crisi economica verificatasi a partire dal 2008. Tale crisi, la più grave da numerosi decenni, sta producendo degli effetti importanti anche nei paesi che avevano raggiunto livelli elevati di benessere collettivo e di protezione sociale. Obiettivo del presente lavoro è di proporre alcune riflessioni in prospettiva geografica sull’aumento delle disuguaglianze in diverse delle aree più sviluppate, in particolare in Italia, Francia, Unione europea e Canada, evidenziando le dimensioni spaziali di tale fenomeno in ambito urbano, poiché le città sono centri chiave per lo sviluppo delle potenzialità degli individui. In generale, si può osservare che il malessere prodotto dall’arretramento sociale è rafforzato dalla comparsa di nuove forme di ‘impoverimento’ spaziale, che alimentano e rafforzano le disuguaglianze, rischiando di minare la coesione sociale e territoriale. Oggi, l’evoluzione delle forme della povertà si inscrive, infatti, nello spazio con modalità assai diversificate. I profili ‘tradizionali’ di povertà permettevano di individuare alcuni luoghi di concentrazione e delle zone specifiche di deprivazione (ghetti, enclaves urbane povere o emarginate, zone rurali più arretrate). Al contrario, i nuovi profili di povertà sono decisamente più liquidi e mutevoli, rendendo in tal modo più difficoltosi i tentativi di definizione e di individuazione degli spazi deprivati; oppure, tali difficoltà possono dipendere dalla scala territoriale di osservazione e di analisi, che fanno assumere alla povertà e all’esclusione sociale dimensioni differenti (Boulineau, Bonerandi–Richard, 2014). Anche la suburbanizzazione incessante e diffusa contribuisce alla diversificazione delle forme spaziali della povertà. A ciò va aggiunto che i modelli nazionali di welfare state consentono di affrontare queste problematiche con dispositivi di intervento diversi, con conseguenze che vanno a incidere profondamente sul benessere sociale e sulla giustizia spaziale. Nella letteratura geografica (per esempio, Séchet, 1996) si sottolinea che la presenza di disuguaglianze e squilibri sociali fa aumentare i problemi di gestione e di governo dello spazio urbano. Tali problemi rischiano inoltre di evolvere in vere e proprie patologie socio–territoriali perché gli squilibri che si materializzano nello spazio tenderanno a perpetuarsi e ad accentuarsi. A lungo ritenute luoghi dell’integrazione sociale e culturale, oggi molte città alimentano dunque una nuova “questione urbana” (Boulineau, Bonerandi–Richard, 2014; Cassiers, Kesteloot, 2012).
Molinari, P., Disuguaglianze, “questione urbana” e coesione socio–territoriale. Esperienze europee e nord–americane a confronto, in Prezioso, M. (ed.), Sostenibilità e responsabilità dello sviluppo. Approfondimenti geografici, Aracne editrice, Canterano (Roma) 2018: <<GEOGRAFIA ECONOMICO-POLITICA>>, 71- 86 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/117097]
Disuguaglianze, “questione urbana” e coesione socio–territoriale. Esperienze europee e nord–americane a confronto
Molinari, Paolo
2018
Abstract
Due to the economic, social, and spatial consequences caused by the economic crisis, which started in 2008, the topic of inequality within the most developed countries receives great attention nowadays. The economic crisis, the most serious in many decades, is producing important consequences also within countries that had already reached high levels of collective wellness and social protection. The aim of this paper is a preliminary consideration from a geographical perspective on the increase of inequalities in some developed areas, in particular Italy, France, European Union and Canada, highlighting the spatial dimensions of this phenomenon within the urban environment, because cities are key centers for the development of individuals’ potential. In general, it can be observed that the discomfort produced by social recession is reinforced by the appearing of new forms of spatial “impoverishment”, which nourish and strengthen inequalities, risking to affect the socio–territorial cohesion. Nowadays, the evolution of poverty forms inscribes itself, in fact, into space with extremely diverse modalities. The “traditional” poverty profiles allowed the detection of some areas of concentration and specific zones of deprivation (ghettos, poor or emarginated urban enclaves, more undeveloped rural areas). On the contrary, the new poverty profiles are definitely more liquid and changeable, in this way making attempts to define and individualize deprived spaces more difficult; or else, these difficulties can depend on the territorial scale of observation and analysis, that can affect the territorial dimensions assumed by poverty and social exclusion (Boulineau, Bonerandi–Richard 2014). In addition, the incessant and widespread suburbanization contributes to the diversification of poverty spatial forms. In addition, the national welfare state models allow facing these problems through various intervention systems, with consequences that deeply affect social wellness and spatial justice. In geographical literature (for example Séchet, 1996) it is highlighted that with the presence of inequalities and social imbalances, serious problems of managing and governing urban space arise. Moreover, these problems risk evolving into genuine socio–territorial pathologies because the imbalances that materialize in the space will tend to persist and increase. Today, many cities, which have long been considered spaces of social and cultural integration, foment thus a new ‘urban issue’ (Boulineau, Bonerandi–Richard, 2014; Cassiers, Kesteloot, 2012).I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.