The religious justification of violence has been, historically, a central challenge to the foundation of civil coexistence: from Socrates’ charge of impiety to the wars of religion in the XVI and XVII centuries up to contemporary religiously inspired terrorism. The democratic thought, the liberal tradition and the modern inquiry on toleration have all emerged, to some extent, from this challenge. Nonetheless, the relationship between violence and religion is multifaceted. The most brutal conflicts of the XX century were rooted in secular ideologies and ethnic hatred, leaving religious justifications to the side in favour of political, economic and cultural reasons. Moreover, compassion, love and non-violence hold a special place in the spirituality of most world religions. Protagonists of our recent history like Gandhi, Martin Luther King or Desmond Tutu have justified their non-violent option based on religious grounds. And recent non-violent movements like Solidarność’s protest in Poland and the Saffron Revolution in Myanmar were animated by a significant religious inspiration. The crisis of the standard theories of secularization and the return of religions on the main stage of the political scene have determined a revival of ethical and political reflection on the relationship between public violence and religion. The inquiry has taken multiple paths, like the inquiry of the relation between religious thought and socio-political conflict (Girard, Taylor, Esposito, Agamben), the interpretation of religious justification and motivation in terrorist and fundamentalist movements (Asad, Strenski, Juergensmeyer), the investigation of the history of the philosophy and theology of just war theory (Steffen, Clarke). These analyses show that the forms of religious justification of violence and non-violence are mutating within the framework of late secularization. The political strength of religious conservativism and fundamentalism (Saudi Arabia, India, United States) is nurtured by the separation between fideistic belief and cultural elaboration (Roy). Nevertheless, in technologically and economically advanced societies, religions still offer a relevant public contribution to face the challenges of intercultural dialogue, solidarity and social justice (Habermas). Violent radicalism mixes spurious imaginaries of the origin with ultramodern forms of communication and seeds of contestation of the global political and economic order (Žižek). But churches and religious movements also contribute to the cause of the peaceful coexistence of peoples and the reception of migrants that flee from regional conflicts, thus supporting a global concern for justice beyond national boundaries (Beck).

La giustificazione religiosa della violenza è storicamente una delle sfide centrali alla fondazione della convivenza civile, dall’accusa di empietà a Socrate, alle guerre di religione del XVI e XVII secolo, fino al terrorismo contemporaneo di matrice religiosa. Il pensiero democratico, la tradizione liberale e la riflessione moderna sulla tolleranza sorgono in misura importante da questa sfida. Il rapporto fra violenza e religione non è tuttavia univoco. I più brutali conflitti del XX secolo sono stati alimentati da ideologie secolari e ostilità etniche, lasciando il fattore religioso ai margini in favore di giustificazioni politiche, economiche e identitarie di altra natura. Per altro verso, compassione, amore e non-violenza fanno parte integrante della spiritualità delle religioni mondiali. Grandi protagonisti della storia recente come Gandhi, Martin Luther King o Desmond Tutu hanno giustificato in termini religiosi la propria opzione non-violenta e una significativa ispirazione religiosa ha caratterizzato recenti fenomeni politici non-violenti come la protesta di Solidarność in Polonia o la Rivoluzione Zafferano in Myanmar. Il tramonto delle teorie standard della secolarizzazione e il ritorno delle religioni sul palco principale della scena politica, ha riportato il pensiero etico e politico a confrontarsi col rapporto fra violenza pubblica e religioni. L’analisi ha preso direzioni molteplici, indagando i rapporti fra pensiero religioso e comprensione della conflittualità sociale e politica (Girard, Taylor, Esposito, Agamben), interpretando i meccanismi culturali di giustificazione e motivazione religiosa che guidano l’azione terroristica e la brutalità fondamentalista (Asad, Strenski, Juergensmeyer), sondando la storia del pensiero filosofico-teologico sul tema della giustificazione della guerra giusta (Steffen, Clarke). Da queste analisi emerge come le religioni stiano mutando le forme della giustificazione religiosa della violenza e della non-violenza nel quadro della tarda secolarizzazione. La forza politica del conservatorismo e del fondamentalismo religioso (Arabia Saudita, India, Stati Uniti) si alimenta del distacco fra credenza fideistica ed elaborazione culturale (Roy), eppure in società tecnologicamente ed economicamente avanzate le religioni continuano a fornire un contributo cruciale al discorso e all’azione pubblica sui temi del dialogo interculturale, della solidarietà e della giustizia sociale (Habermas). Così, da un lato i fenomeni del radicalismo violento saldano insieme immaginari spuri di fedeltà all’origine con forme ultramoderne di comunicazione commerciale ed elementi di contestazione dell’ordine economico e politico globalizzato (Žižek). Dall’altro, chiese e movimenti religiosi contribuiscono a livello globale alla causa della convivenza fra i popoli e dell’accoglienza delle popolazioni in fuga dai conflitti veicolando una preoccupazione per la giustizia che supera i confini degli stati nazionali (Beck).

Monti, P. (ed.), (Non-)Violenza pubblica e giustificazione religiosa, <<LESSICO DI ETICA PUBBLICA>>, 2017; 2017: (2): 4 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/114054]

(Non-)Violenza pubblica e giustificazione religiosa

Monti, Paolo
Primo
2017

Abstract

The religious justification of violence has been, historically, a central challenge to the foundation of civil coexistence: from Socrates’ charge of impiety to the wars of religion in the XVI and XVII centuries up to contemporary religiously inspired terrorism. The democratic thought, the liberal tradition and the modern inquiry on toleration have all emerged, to some extent, from this challenge. Nonetheless, the relationship between violence and religion is multifaceted. The most brutal conflicts of the XX century were rooted in secular ideologies and ethnic hatred, leaving religious justifications to the side in favour of political, economic and cultural reasons. Moreover, compassion, love and non-violence hold a special place in the spirituality of most world religions. Protagonists of our recent history like Gandhi, Martin Luther King or Desmond Tutu have justified their non-violent option based on religious grounds. And recent non-violent movements like Solidarność’s protest in Poland and the Saffron Revolution in Myanmar were animated by a significant religious inspiration. The crisis of the standard theories of secularization and the return of religions on the main stage of the political scene have determined a revival of ethical and political reflection on the relationship between public violence and religion. The inquiry has taken multiple paths, like the inquiry of the relation between religious thought and socio-political conflict (Girard, Taylor, Esposito, Agamben), the interpretation of religious justification and motivation in terrorist and fundamentalist movements (Asad, Strenski, Juergensmeyer), the investigation of the history of the philosophy and theology of just war theory (Steffen, Clarke). These analyses show that the forms of religious justification of violence and non-violence are mutating within the framework of late secularization. The political strength of religious conservativism and fundamentalism (Saudi Arabia, India, United States) is nurtured by the separation between fideistic belief and cultural elaboration (Roy). Nevertheless, in technologically and economically advanced societies, religions still offer a relevant public contribution to face the challenges of intercultural dialogue, solidarity and social justice (Habermas). Violent radicalism mixes spurious imaginaries of the origin with ultramodern forms of communication and seeds of contestation of the global political and economic order (Žižek). But churches and religious movements also contribute to the cause of the peaceful coexistence of peoples and the reception of migrants that flee from regional conflicts, thus supporting a global concern for justice beyond national boundaries (Beck).
2017
Italiano
Monti, P. (ed.), (Non-)Violenza pubblica e giustificazione religiosa, <<LESSICO DI ETICA PUBBLICA>>, 2017; 2017: (2): 4 [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/114054]
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