In the first paper, we estimate the unrecorded economy in 49 economies from 1981 to 2005. Our study is based on electricity consumption series which are filtered to account for technological change and for the changing weight of the energy-intensive industrial sector. In contrast with studies based on the MIMIC method, we obtain a reduction in the weight of the unobserved economy. Unlike La Porta and Shleifer (2008), we identify measures of institutional quality which are significantly related to the shadow economy even after controlling for per-capita GDP. Thus the shadow economy should not be dismissed as the unpleasant side effect of underdevelopment. Instead it is related to some specific institutional aspects that may well survive even when the economy reaches higher development stages. We identify strong substitution effects between official and unofficial sectors both in the long run and over the business cycle. This has important implications for income convergence and for the relationship between volatility and growth. In the second paper, we investigate the distinct roles played by institutions, growth and policies in determining the shadow economy. The sharp distinction between theoretical priors on the institutional determinants of the shadow economy and the technique used for its measurement is the first novel contribution of the paper. The second innovation is that, by exploiting the time series dimension of our panel, we are able to better investigate the link between official output growth and the relative size of shadow economy. The third innovation is that we can contribute to a long-standing controversy about the distinct roles of "institutions" and "policies" in determining economic outcomes. In the third paper we reverse the standard approach typically followed in the literature on the shadow economy. Instead of exploiting money demand data to extrapolate the dynamics of the shadow economy, we explore the long run effect of shadow economy measures – obtained independently from money demand functions - on money velocity. By doing this, the original contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we improve the understanding of money velocity determinants. Second, we provide an indirect test of the reliability of the estimates on the shadow economy presented in the first paper of the thesis.
Nel primo articolo, stimiamo l'economia sommersa di 49 paesi dal 1981 al 2005. Il nostro studio si basa sull'utilizzo dei consumi elettrici filtrati per i cambiamenti tecnologici e le variazioni nella quota del settore industriale. Contrariamente agli studi basati sul metodo MIMIC, noi otteniamo una riduzione nella dimensione dell'economia sommersa. Contrariamente a La Porta and Shleifer (2008), inoltre, identifichiamo misure di qualità istituzionale che sono significativamente correlate all'economia sommersa, pur controllando per il PIL pro-capite. L'economia non registrata non può, dunque, essere considerata una conseguenza del sotto sviluppo. Al contrario, l’attività economica sommersa è relazionata a specifici aspetti istituzionali che possono sopravvivere con la crescita economica. Inoltre, identifichiamo un forte effetto sostituzione tra il settore ufficiale e quello non ufficiale. Questo risultato ha importanti implicazioni sia per la convergenza dei redditi che per la relazione tra volatilità e crescita. Nel secondo articolo, analizziamo il ruolo di istituzioni, crescita e politiche nel determinare l’economia sommersa. La forte separazione tra assunti teorici sulle determinanti istituzionali del sommerso e le tecniche di misurazione utilizzate rappresenta il primo aspetto innovativo del lavoro. Sfruttando, inoltre, la dimensione time-series del panel, siamo in grado di meglio analizzare il nesso tra crescita del PIL ufficiale e dimensione relativa del sommerso. Il terzo aspetto innovativo dell’articolo si riferisce al contributo apportato al lungo dibattito circa il ruolo di istituzioni e politiche nel determinare i risultati economici. In terzo articolo, rovesciamo l’approccio standard tipicamente seguito nella letteratura relativa all’economia sommersa. Invece di utilizzare i dati sulla domanda di moneta per ottenere stime sulla dinamica del sommerso, analizziamo gli effetti di lungo periodo dell’economia non registrata sulla velocità di circolazione della moneta. Il nostro contributo è duplice: i) apportiamo un miglioramento alla letteratura sulle determinanti della velocità di circolazione della moneta; ii) testiamo indirettamente la credibilità delle stime del sommerso presentate nel primo articolo della tesi.
ONNIS, LUISANNA, ESSAY ON THE UNRECORDED ECONOMY, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milano:Ciclo XXI [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/286694]
ESSAY ON THE UNRECORDED ECONOMY
Onnis, Luisanna
2010
Abstract
In the first paper, we estimate the unrecorded economy in 49 economies from 1981 to 2005. Our study is based on electricity consumption series which are filtered to account for technological change and for the changing weight of the energy-intensive industrial sector. In contrast with studies based on the MIMIC method, we obtain a reduction in the weight of the unobserved economy. Unlike La Porta and Shleifer (2008), we identify measures of institutional quality which are significantly related to the shadow economy even after controlling for per-capita GDP. Thus the shadow economy should not be dismissed as the unpleasant side effect of underdevelopment. Instead it is related to some specific institutional aspects that may well survive even when the economy reaches higher development stages. We identify strong substitution effects between official and unofficial sectors both in the long run and over the business cycle. This has important implications for income convergence and for the relationship between volatility and growth. In the second paper, we investigate the distinct roles played by institutions, growth and policies in determining the shadow economy. The sharp distinction between theoretical priors on the institutional determinants of the shadow economy and the technique used for its measurement is the first novel contribution of the paper. The second innovation is that, by exploiting the time series dimension of our panel, we are able to better investigate the link between official output growth and the relative size of shadow economy. The third innovation is that we can contribute to a long-standing controversy about the distinct roles of "institutions" and "policies" in determining economic outcomes. In the third paper we reverse the standard approach typically followed in the literature on the shadow economy. Instead of exploiting money demand data to extrapolate the dynamics of the shadow economy, we explore the long run effect of shadow economy measures – obtained independently from money demand functions - on money velocity. By doing this, the original contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we improve the understanding of money velocity determinants. Second, we provide an indirect test of the reliability of the estimates on the shadow economy presented in the first paper of the thesis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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