The analysis of causal mechanisms has been considered in various disciplines such as sociology, epidemiology, political science, psychology and economics. These approaches allow uncovering causal relations and mechanisms by studying the role of a treatment variable (such as a policy or a program) on a set of outcomes of interest or different intermediates variables on the causal path between the treatment and the outcome variables. This thesis first focuses on reviewing and exploring alternative strategies to investigate causal effects and multiple mediation effects using Machine Learning algorithms which have been shown to be particularly suited for assessing research questions in complex settings with non-linear relations. Second, the thesis provides two empirical examples where two Machine Learning algorithms, namely the Generalized Random Forest and Multiple Additive Regression Trees, are used to account for important control variables in causal inference in a data-driven way. By bridging a fundamental gap between causality and advanced data modelling, this work combines state of the art theories and modelling techniques.
L'analisi dei meccanismi causali è stata considerata in varie discipline come la sociologia, l’epidemiologia, le scienze politiche, la psicologia e l’economia. Questi approcci permettere di scoprire relazioni e meccanismi causali studiando il ruolo di una variabile di trattamento (come ad esempio una politica pubblica o un programma) su un insieme di variabili risultato di interesse o diverse variabili intermedie sul percorso causale tra il trattamento e le variabili risultato. Questa tesi si concentra innanzitutto sulla revisione e l'esplorazione di strategie alternative per indagare gli effetti causali e gli effetti di mediazione multipli utilizzando algoritmi di apprendimento automatico (Machine Learning) che si sono dimostrati particolarmente adatti per rispondere a domande di ricerca in contesti complessi caratterizzati dalla presenza di relazioni non lineari. In secondo luogo, la tesi fornisce due esempi empirici in cui due algoritmi di Machine Learning, ovvero Generalized Random Foresta e Multiple Additive Regression Trees, vengono utilizzati per tenere conto di importanti variabili di controllo nell'inferenza causale seguendo un approccio “data-driven”.
HAMMAD, AHMED TAREK, PROGRAM AND POLICY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES. THE CASUAL MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH, MAGGIONI, MARIO AGOSTINO, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milano:Ciclo XXXIII [https://hdl.handle.net/10807/284967]
PROGRAM AND POLICY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES. THE CASUAL MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH
Hammad, Ahmed Tarek
2022
Abstract
The analysis of causal mechanisms has been considered in various disciplines such as sociology, epidemiology, political science, psychology and economics. These approaches allow uncovering causal relations and mechanisms by studying the role of a treatment variable (such as a policy or a program) on a set of outcomes of interest or different intermediates variables on the causal path between the treatment and the outcome variables. This thesis first focuses on reviewing and exploring alternative strategies to investigate causal effects and multiple mediation effects using Machine Learning algorithms which have been shown to be particularly suited for assessing research questions in complex settings with non-linear relations. Second, the thesis provides two empirical examples where two Machine Learning algorithms, namely the Generalized Random Forest and Multiple Additive Regression Trees, are used to account for important control variables in causal inference in a data-driven way. By bridging a fundamental gap between causality and advanced data modelling, this work combines state of the art theories and modelling techniques.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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