Nudge, or nudging, refers to a policy approach inspired by behavioral sciences: it promotes the conducts identified as desirable by regulators without applying prohibition and coercion. This approach has gained a lot of momentum in the domain of health policies. Policy strategies based on behavioral insights appear ideal as to implementing healthier life styles and public health programs while minimizing compliance costs: from organ donation to food choices, from fighting obesity and chronic diseases to screening policies. Nudging, however, is not exempt from problems, especially in the sector of health, where individual free and informed consent constitutes a founding principle. Cancer screening programs, and especially breast cancer population tests, represent an interesting example for nudging strategies which have been widely applied but have also raised serious criticisms. Despite having been widely adopted by health systems, from the United States to the European Union, breast cancer screening programs keep raising debates about their actual impact on reducing mortality, risks of overdiagnosing and unnecessary or harmful treatments. In challenging the validity of screening programs, these controversies also affect their efficacy. Nudging has therefore been seen as a potentially useful tool in increasing participation, even though the extent of its actual impact remains ambiguous and problematic. For nudging to represent a relevant, powerful policy instrument its legitimacy requirements need to be identified. These concern the “right place” of behavioral-based measures within the traditional regulatory framework. The “right place” of nudging in science-based policies is part of a broader rethinking of what is democracy in “knowledge-based societies”, namely through which procedures democratic institutions validate and legitimize their normative choices depending on uncertain and controversial knowledge.

Il nudging , l’approccio di policy che, ispirandosi alle behavioral sciences , promuove i comportamenti individuati come desiderabili dal legislatore senza imporre proibizioni o costrizioni, ha guadagnato grande favore nel campo delle politiche della salute. Le strategie di induzione psicologica appaiono ideali per implementare stili di vita più sani e programmi sanitari minimizzando i costi di attuazione: dalla donazione degli organi alle scelte alimentari, dalla lotta contro obesità e malattie croniche alle politiche di screening. Il nudging , tuttavia, non è privo di problematicità, in particolare nel settore della salute, che trova nel consenso libero e informato dei cittadini il proprio principio fondativo. Le politiche di screening dei tumori, e in particolare del tumore della mammella, rappresentano un esempio interessante perché proprio in tali programmi il nudging ha avuto grande fortuna, ma al tempo stesso ha fatto emergere serie perplessità. Benché sostenuto dalle politiche di molti paesi, lo screening della mammella continua a essere oggetto di controversie – dal suo impatto sulla riduzione della mortalità ai rischi di sovradiagnosi – che, mettendone in dubbio la validità, diminuiscono anche l’efficacia dei programmi. Il nudging è apparso, quindi, come un approccio importante per aumentare la partecipazione, anche se i risultati delle misure ad esso ispirate restano problematici. Il nudging può rappresentare uno strumento utile e potente se vengono pienamente definite le sue condizioni di legittimità, che riguardano il “posto giusto” degli strumenti di persuasione dolce nel quadro degli interventi normativi. Il “posto giusto” del nudging nella costruzione delle politiche science-based è parte di un più generale ripensamento dei caratteri della democrazia nelle società della conoscenza, vale a dire delle procedure con cui le istituzioni democratiche validano e legittimano, quale fondamento delle proprie scelte normative, saperi incerti e controversi.

Tallacchini, M., Nudging o educazione a scelte civiche responsabili? L'esempio dello screening alla mammella, <<EPIDEMIOLOGIA E PREVENZIONE>>, 2017; 41 (1): 14-21. [doi:10.19191/EP17.1.P014.007] [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/98763]

Nudging o educazione a scelte civiche responsabili? L'esempio dello screening alla mammella

Tallacchini, Mariachiara
Primo
2017

Abstract

Nudge, or nudging, refers to a policy approach inspired by behavioral sciences: it promotes the conducts identified as desirable by regulators without applying prohibition and coercion. This approach has gained a lot of momentum in the domain of health policies. Policy strategies based on behavioral insights appear ideal as to implementing healthier life styles and public health programs while minimizing compliance costs: from organ donation to food choices, from fighting obesity and chronic diseases to screening policies. Nudging, however, is not exempt from problems, especially in the sector of health, where individual free and informed consent constitutes a founding principle. Cancer screening programs, and especially breast cancer population tests, represent an interesting example for nudging strategies which have been widely applied but have also raised serious criticisms. Despite having been widely adopted by health systems, from the United States to the European Union, breast cancer screening programs keep raising debates about their actual impact on reducing mortality, risks of overdiagnosing and unnecessary or harmful treatments. In challenging the validity of screening programs, these controversies also affect their efficacy. Nudging has therefore been seen as a potentially useful tool in increasing participation, even though the extent of its actual impact remains ambiguous and problematic. For nudging to represent a relevant, powerful policy instrument its legitimacy requirements need to be identified. These concern the “right place” of behavioral-based measures within the traditional regulatory framework. The “right place” of nudging in science-based policies is part of a broader rethinking of what is democracy in “knowledge-based societies”, namely through which procedures democratic institutions validate and legitimize their normative choices depending on uncertain and controversial knowledge.
2017
Italiano
Tallacchini, M., Nudging o educazione a scelte civiche responsabili? L'esempio dello screening alla mammella, <<EPIDEMIOLOGIA E PREVENZIONE>>, 2017; 41 (1): 14-21. [doi:10.19191/EP17.1.P014.007] [http://hdl.handle.net/10807/98763]
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10807/98763
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