https://hdl.handle.net/10807/196 Sun, 04 Oct 2026 19:19:20 GMT 2026-10-04T19:19:20Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347916 Titolo: «Ove di valore equipollente». La validità di costrutto come criterio di riconoscimento della prova equipollente nell'esame di maturità Autori: Biagio Di Liberto Abstract: L'art. 20 del D.lgs. 62/2017 subordina il rilascio del diploma, per gli studenti con disabilità, a prove differenziate «ove di valore equipollente», ma né la legge né gli atti ministeriali definiscono quando quel valore sussista. Il contributo mette in dialogo docimologia e pedagogia speciale e propone un criterio docimologico di riconoscimento, fondato sulla validità di costrutto (Messick, 1989; AERA, APA e NCME, 2014): la prova differenziata è di valore equipollente quando l'adattamento preserva il costrutto, fissato dai quadri di riferimento ministeriali, e cessa di esserlo quando lo altera. Il criterio ha una radice costituzionale nella sentenza n. 215 del 1987, per la quale la frequenza scolastica dello studente con disabilità è assicurata e non soltanto facilitata, e nel parere del Consiglio di Stato n. 348 del 1991. L'opposizione viene qui estesa alla prova d'esame e tradotta in due errori simmetrici: non assicurare, cioè lasciare in piedi barriere estranee al costrutto, e facilitare, cioè accrescere indebitamente il punteggio mediante aiuti irrilevanti o riducendo ciò che la prova accerta. La distinzione tra accommodation e modification offre una lettura operativa della norma e conduce a una regola per la griglia di valutazione: indicatori e rapporto tra i pesi invariati, descrittori e punteggi interni adattabili. Resta una zona grigia, che il criterio non elimina e consegna al giudizio motivato della commissione. Sul piano pedagogico, il criterio offre una soluzione al dilemma della differenza: uguaglianza nel costrutto, differenza nel canale. Abstract: Article 20 of Italian Legislative Decree 62/2017 makes the award of the upper secondary diploma to students with disabilities conditional on differentiated examination tests "where of equivalent value" (ove di valore equipollente), yet neither the law nor ministerial acts define when such value obtains. This paper brings educational measurement (docimologia) into dialogue with special education and proposes a recognition criterion grounded in construct validity (Messick, 1989; AERA, APA, & NCME, 2014): a differentiated test is of equivalent value when the adaptation preserves the construct, as set by the ministerial reference frameworks, and ceases to be so when the adaptation alters it. The criterion has a constitutional root in Constitutional Court ruling no. 215/1987, under which the school attendance of students with disabilities is ensured rather than merely facilitated, and in Council of State opinion no. 348/1991. The opposition is here extended to the examination test and translated into two symmetrical errors: failing to ensure, that is, leaving construct-irrelevant barriers in place, and facilitating, that is, unduly raising the score through irrelevant aids or by narrowing what the test ascertains. The distinction between accommodation and modification offers an operational reading of the norm and leads to a rule for the scoring rubric: indicators and the ratio among their weights remain unchanged, while descriptors and within-indicator scores may be adapted. A grey area remains, which the criterion does not eliminate and entrusts to the examination board's reasoned judgement. Pedagogically, the criterion offers a solution to the dilemma of difference: equality in the construct, difference in the channel. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347916 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347436 Titolo: The Feudal Origins of Economic Prosperity: Evidence from Medieval Sicily Autori: Cherici, Leonardo; Merzoni, Guido; Rossignoli, Domenico; Trombetta, Federico Abstract: This paper investigates the short- and long-run determinants of economic prosperity, tracing its origin to the feudal organization of the Middle Ages. Using newly coded data recording different feudal arrangements in the 13th and 14th century Sicily, and a repeated-cross section event-study design, we show that municipalities subject to stable feudal control by local lords exhibit worse economic outcomes than those that were repossessed and administered directly by the Crown for a period of time. This relationship is statistically significant for measures of economic prosperity in the medieval period — such as population and municipal rents — and for contemporary economic outcomes. We interpret these findings through the lens of a principal–agent framework, in which the interaction between the Crown and feudal lords is characterized by information asymmetries. Repossession by the Crown temporarily mitigates these informational frictions, limiting rent extraction and creating scope for the provision of public goods, with persistent effects on local development. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347436 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347397 Titolo: AI Worker Management technologies in traditional industries Autori: Collodoro, C.; Fanti, L.; Staccioli, J.; Virgillito, M. E. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347397 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347325 Titolo: Countering the diffusion of responsibility in petty collusive bribery: Experimental evidence on accountability reminders Autori: M. Vittoria Levati; Chiara Nardi Abstract: Petty collusive bribery is hard to curb because both the briber and the bribed official benefit from the transaction, while the harm falls on a third party. In a laboratory experiment, we show that a simple accountability reminder-stating that both actors are equally responsible for the corrupt exchange and its consequences---substantially reduces collusive bribery, lowering the frequency of both bribe offers and bribe acceptances. Giving the harmed third party the opportunity to express approval or disapproval of the actors' decisions, however, does not yield a further statistically significant reduction in corruption when combined with the accountability reminder. The results suggest that a low-cost intervention designed to counteract the diffusion of responsibility inherent in jointly produced corrupt outcomes can discourage corrupt behavior on both sides of the exchange and that combining behavioral interventions need not amplify their effects. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10807/347325 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z