https://hdl.handle.net/10807/196 2026-06-23T14:25:50Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/339658 Titolo: Dispersione salariale e performance nel calcio in Italia: Un’analisi degli incentivi tra sforzo e risultato nella serie A (2010-2022) Autori: Mario Nosvelli; Matteo Colzato Abstract: This study examines the relationship between wage structure and sporting performance in Italian football, drawing on Serie A data from the period 2010–2022. The research introduces a novel distinction between “outcome” and “effort” indicators, relating them to wage dispersion measures such as the Gini index and the coefficient of variation. The findings support existing literature on the validity of the “cohesion theory”, highlighting that flatter wage structures are associated with enhanced competitive performance. However, a positive correlation is observed between higher wage dispersion and increased effort intensity, suggesting that less uniform pay structures may serve as incentives for increased individual players’ physical and tactical commitment. Cluster analysis reveals the presence of distinct strategic models: top-tier teams tend to implement compensation structures characterized by greater wage inequality, whereas mid- and lower-ranked teams are more likely to adopt flatter wage distributions. The temporal evolution indicates a gradual shift in emphasis from effort-based to outcome-based performance metrics, reflecting broader cultural and organizational transformations within contemporary football. Finally, the results provide valuable insights for the governance of sports organizations and contribute to a deeper understanding of compensation dynamics within high-performance environments. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/339327 Titolo: Voluntary contributions to risky multilevel public goods with heterogeneous returns Autori: Floriana Margherita Cerniglia; Riccarda Arianna Longaretti; Chiara Nardi; Veronica Pizziol Abstract: This paper studies voluntary contributions to public goods in a multilevel government setting characterized by risky and heterogeneous marginal returns across groups. We develop a theoretical model in which individuals allocate resources between local and national public goods under risk and heterogeneous return distributions across groups. The analysis shows that heterogeneity in marginal returns activates inequality concerns, which operate as a form of effective risk aversion. As a result, heterogeneity introduces an endogenous risk cost that weakens contribution incentives relative to otherwise identical homogeneous settings, even when expected returns are high and identical across groups. If risk dispersion is greater at the national level, national contributions become more fragile; if it is greater locally, local contributions contract more; and when covariance across levels is high, risk may induce substitution between contribution levels. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/339326 Titolo: Risk, Social Closeness, and Cooperation Across Levels Autori: Floriana Margherita Cerniglia; Riccarda Arianna Longaretti; Chiara Nardi; Veronica Pizziol Abstract: Cooperation in real-world public goods often takes place in multilevel structures and under uncertainty about the returns to collective action. We study how risk in marginal returns affects cooperation in a multilevel public goods game. In an incentivized online experiment, participants are randomly assigned to either a deterministic scenario or an otherwise identical one with risky marginal per capita returns, holding expected returns constant. We find that risk reduces total contributions, mainly by lowering contributions to the local public good. Risk also lowers expectations about local cooperation by group members, consistent with a conditional-cooperation channel. Moreover, the impact of risk depends on social closeness: individuals who feel closer to their local group tend to reduce global contributions more strongly under risk, while local contributions are not differentially affected. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/337912 Titolo: A Synthetic Index on the COVID19 Impact on Italian Regions Autori: Giovannetti G.; Santi F.; Velucchi M. Abstract: The COVID 19 pandemic has generated a worldwide health and economic crisis. Italy has been the first OECD country to be hit at the end of February 2020 and therefore the first to decide on the measures to contrast it. From March 10 to May 18, 2020 Italy locked down the entire country. It was a Governmental emergency decision, taken to limit the spreading of the pandemic, to reduce its impact on the health system and to protect the population. Health was considered the top priority in front of the exponentially increasing numbers of cases and deaths. Different regions in Italy were hit with different strengths, with on average northern regions more affected. This paper studies the evolution of the COVID 19, based on the burden it imposed over the regional health system during that first wave of the COVID 19 pandemic. Relying on detailed regional information, we calculate a measurable and comparable metric to track the evolution of the pandemic across region, over the entire lockdown period in Italy. We propose two different indices, one with fixed base and one with a mobile base, highlighting and comparing two different perspectives over the same phenomenon and showing how different regions have been hit by the pandemic. These indices could also be used in a comparative and long run perspective analyzing different countries and phases of the pandemic over time and possible reaction curves. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z