https://hdl.handle.net/10807/211 2026-09-12T15:39:18Z 2026-09-12T15:39:18Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/345836 2026-09-06T00:31:03Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Titolo: Spanish flu Autori: Enrico Berbenni; Stefano Colombo Abstract: The Spanish flu was one of the most devastating pandemics. Occurring between 1918 and 1920, the Spanish flu spread around the world in a short period of time. The climax of the pandemic, which was reached simultaneously in all affected countries, occurred between October and November 1918. The disease was caused by an H1N1 virus, which was later identified as the culprit in 1933. Millions of people died worldwide in successive waves, to the point that historiography has not yet been able to provide precise estimates. Like all pandemics, it had different impacts depending on various circumstances, such as the country involved, age groups, and gender. Studies also show that it may have had long-term effects on human capital accumulation and economic growth. This entry discusses the genesis, spread, and impacts of the Spanish flu.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/345197 2026-09-06T06:57:58Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Titolo: Emergence Autori: Corradini Antonella Abstract: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. These atoms possess their own properties. Water exhibits different and novel properties from those of the atoms that compose it. For example, water is liquid, while such a property does not belong to the atoms. We say then that the liquidity of water is an emergent property from the complex of atoms that compose the water mass. In general, all water properties are emergent from the physical structure of their atoms. This entry examines three fundamental notions of emergence: weak emergence, strong emergence, and emergent dualism. In weak emergence, only physical laws are involved. Conversely, physical laws alone are not sufficient to explain strong emergence. Typical strong emergent properties include mental properties, such as sensations, visual perception, and other qualities, until higher mental capacities develop. Finally, emergent dualism not only holds the emergence of such properties but also that of their ontological foundation, that is, the person.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/344296 2026-08-07T00:09:38Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Titolo: Consequentialism Autori: Gaj Nicolo' Abstract: Consequentialism comprises a set of moral theories according to which normative properties depend solely on consequences. Broadly speaking, consequentialist accounts differ with respect to the kinds of consequences regarded as morally relevant (intended or actual) and the underlying theory of goodness (welfarian or nonwelfarian). It is argued here that the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 2017), although formulated primarily in deontological terms, must nevertheless be interpreted from a consequentialist perspective. On the one hand, the duties binding psychologists are justified by the consequences produced by prohibited or prescribed actions. On the other hand, the evaluation of consequences is indispensable for ensuring that norms can be meaningfully applied in real-life professional circumstances.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10807/343956 2026-07-31T00:38:23Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Titolo: Deontological Ethics Autori: Gaj, N. Abstract: Deontology is a normative theory that conceives moral duties as constraints on what agents may or may not do. The chapter begins by examining central features of deontological ethics, emphasizing both the strengths and the limitations of traditional formulations. This sets the stage for introducing moderate deontology, which holds that duties are strictly binding only when abstracted from concrete circumstances. These considerations are crucial for situating psychological practices, understood as nested action plans that, as they unfold, generate new opportunities for and constraints on action. Attending to real-life circumstances in ethical deliberation inevitably draws attention to an axiological dimension alongside the normative, prompting the claim that deontological and teleological considerations require an integrated treatment. The final section analyzes selected elements of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 2017) against the backdrop of the preceding theoretical discussion.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z